Research Proposal - 661 Words

TO: Professor Sara Cutting FROM: Kiersten McCaffrey DATE: February 18, 2014 SUBJECT: Begin Business Plan for Potential Future Investment Background In the beginning of the semester you requested that I research a topic related to a personal decision such as a future goal. I am currently employed at a yoga studio and have a general understanding of the hard work that goes into running a small business. At the same time, I also directly see the benefits of owning a successful business. As a business management major, and someone who enjoys practicing yoga, I believe opening my own yoga studio is a potential career choice for me. Purpose of the Study Since I will not be finically stable upon finishing college, I would like†¦show more content†¦Plan for Collection Secondary Data. Secondary data will be found though official publications such as websites that provides real estate information, as well as statistics about the area’s median income, population, etc. Primary Date. Proper primary data will not be found at this time due to the timeline of this research. Once the proposal is approved, and the research is further conducted, I will be able to present primary data when the project is realistically implemented in ten years from now. Data Analysis The research obtained for the financial features of this project will be shown through a spreadsheet. The financial statement will be for this current year instead of the time period when I choose to apply this project because it would be unrealistic, as well as extremely difficult to research the future expenses of such large ticket items. Time Required Complete Secondary Research March 15 Produce Progress/Status Report March 18 Deliver Research Report April 22 Decide whether to Implement Plan May 1 Implement Plan 2020-2025 Presentation of Results I will present my conclusion and decision to in a formal written report that will include a financial statement and table comparing the competition. You previously stated that I would not be able to conduct this research without your prior approval. I will send you aShow MoreRelatedProposal For A Research Proposal814 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is it? A typical research proposal is used by scholars and students who have an interest in your field. This usually happens as part of a grant application, postgraduate application (PhD), or for a final year dissertation. It usually ranges from 1,000-3,000 words and is a summary of what is being proposed to study. It is usually judged by content and proposal format. A Research proposal should†¦ Clearly set out what the research is going to be about. This includes a provisional/working titleRead MoreResearch Proposal1267 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Proposal: It addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research.  It also contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed.   Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be accepted by a panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin.   In addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conductingRead MoreResearch Proposal1706 Words   |  7 PagesMOI UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. Course: RESEARCH METHODS Course code: ECO 217 Task: GROUP ASSIGNMENT NAMES REG. NO. SIGN 1. HUSSEIN IBRAHIM ABDIRAHMAN ECO/201/O9 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. 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These business environments are potential projects that intermingled with the start of a new product. Depending on the company or organization’s focus, will determine which proposal is best to

Path Goal Theory Free Essays

Path Goal Theory In order to encourage, support and motivate their followers, Path Goal Theory requires a leader to take into account situational factors when adapting a leadership style. Successful integration of situational factors with a leadership style can lead to maximized satisfaction and effort from the follower. The Path Goal Theory states leaders must: †¢Forge a path for followers to obtain their goal through coaching and direction †¢Remove roadblocks and obstacles that are preventing followers from accomplishing goal †¢Increase rewards and incentives along the way 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Path Goal Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Subordinate Factors (Follower Characteristics) A. Ability: A follower’s self-efficacy and self perception of competence in performing tasks to achieve goals. B. Authoritarianism: is defined as the degree to which the followers seek structure and task clarity. C. Experience: Knowledge of or skill in achieving a goal. D. Locus of control: How one perceives how much they can control events that affect their goal achievement. Those with low internal locus of control seek to participate and engage in decision making. On the contrary, those with a strong external locus of control like to be directed and provided structure. Coach Lengyel has a diverse group of followers with a variety of contrasting personal characteristics. Due to their lack of experience, youth and general â€Å"rag-tag† composition, the players on the team lack confidence, ability, cohesion and self efficacy. Given these characteristics, these players have a high external locus of control and yearn for task clarity and guidance. In contrast, Coach Red Dawson and Interim President Donald Dedmon have more autonomy and have established themselves more in their respected roles. Lengyel adjust to the varying characteristics of these followers by engaging them more in the decision-making process and seeking their advice on certain issues that arise. 2. Environmental Factors: A. Task structure: A leader needs to analyze the elements and nature of a task a follower is responsible for and identify and remove any difficulties it could pose to the follower. B. Formal authority: is the power position of the leader which can affect the satisfaction of a follower. If directive leadership and a highly formal authority system are in place, the redundancy can cause follower dissatisfaction. C. Work group: Group dynamics and relationship among followers. In situations where team cohesiveness is low, followers need supportive leadership. Where a group is more established and talented, a directive or achievement oriented style is more optimal. The players face significant environmental challenges in both their task structure and work group dynamics. First, the vast majority of the team consists of freshmen or students who have never played organized football. Learning the complex play schemes and the intricacies of the competitive collegiate game in such a short period is certainly daunting. Moreover, positions players such as the punter do not fully comprehend everything their roles entail. Since almost all the players haven’t played with each other, the team lacks the camaraderie and cohesion of their competitors. The confluence of these factors and the physically demanding tolls of the game have created significant roadblock in accomplishing their goals. The fear of embarrassing the community and university with poor performance on the field and the stress of the tragedy compounds the challenges the team face and weighs on them greatly. As a result, the players are more sensitive and an overbearing and authoritarian leader will only exacerbate the situation. Similarly, the stress of the tragedy is also weighing significantly on both Coach Dawson and Interim President Dedmon. After losing colleagues and players he coached and recruited from the tragedy, Dawson has significant doubts about whether he can be around the game anymore. The drastic changes with Dawson’s workgroup and formal authority figure are daily reminders of the tragedy that occurred with the team. The tragedy wears on him and he has a significant effect on his confidence and motivation to fulfill and execute the tasks associated with the assistant coaching job. With Dedmon, the opposition by some in the community to rebuild the football program has made Interim President insecure and timid when approaching tasks with the job. Furthermore, Dedmon’s confidence erodes initially when numerous coaches around the country turn down the offer to coach the Marshall team due seemingly insurmountable challenges facing the program. Dedmon has to adjust o a changing environment surrounding the university and to Coach Lyngel’s energetic and enthusiastic style which contrasts greatly with his own. 3. Leader Behavior: A. Supportive leadership: Consider the needs of the follower, showing concern for their welfare, being approachable as a leader and creating a friendly working environment. This approach is best when the work is stressful, ambiguous and or hazardous. B. Directive l eadership: Telling and providing leaders with structure, task clarity while giving appropriate guidance along the way. The leader sets clear standards of performance in order to decrease role ambiguity. This form of leadership can be helpful when the follower is inexperienced. C. Participative leadership: Effective when followers are autonomous. This form involves consulting with followers and making them an integral part of the decision process. This approach is most effective with followers who are knowledgeable and skilled and have a high internal locus of control. D. Achievement-oriented leadership: Setting challenges goals, both in their work and in self-improvement. The leader establishes high standard of excellence and leader shows confidence in the capabilities of the follower to succeed. This approach is best when the task is complex. Lengyel has to question whether the famous sports tenet, â€Å"Winning isn’t everything; it’s the only thing† is applicable to the season Marshall is about to embark on. His predecessor, like a majority of other coaches led with predominately directive and achievement-oriented styles. Due to the nature of the sport and the intolerance of role ambiguity in the game, Coach Lengyel also exhibits a directive style of leadership in some scenarios. The players’ perceptions of their abilities are relatively low and Lengyel helps them by clarifying and directing them how to do their tasks. For instance, this directive style of leadership is evident when Lengyel instructs and clarifies the position players like the punter and offensive lineman how to do everything that their role entails. Given the players desire for task clarity and guidance, the directive style would most likely be the most effective leadership style with inexperienced players in most scenarios. The most important factor however that impacts the follower characteristics and environmental factors is the stress and pressure resulting from the tragedy. Realizing the enormity of the tragedy, Lengyel utilizes a supportive style that provides psychological support and concern to his followers by their acknowledging the pain and frustration. Knowing that Dawson is in a sensitive emotional and mental state, Lengyel isn’t too aggressive in his pursuit to have him on the coaching staff and always carefully listens and assesses Dawson’s objections and feelings. Lengyel’s pregame speech at the resting spot of six of the players from the Marshall team also exemplifies his exceptional ability to collectively assess both characteristics of his subordinates and the environmental factors when trying to motivate and instill confidence in his team. In the speech he addresses the tragedy of the past, the current team’s shortcomings and even mentions how the team they’re facing has more ability and talent. He declares if they give maximum effort they will not lose and will reach their goals of honoring the memory of the teammates killed in the plane crash and making the community proud. Lengyel realizes that due to the circumstances, that leading with the directive and achievement oriented styles isn’t the most conducive approach. To motivate the players on the team, Lengyel has to utilize a Supportive style that taps into and emphasizes with the emotions of the players and tries to alleviate the stress and pressure of the situational factors. While some other leaders and his peers ultimately fail in certain circumstances for their stubbornness, Lengyel’s biggest leadership strength in contrast is his flexibility. As mentioned, with the players on the team Lengyel’s demonstrates mostly directive and supportive styles. In regards to followers with contrasting characteristics of the players, Lengyel is able to successfully adapt his leadership approach to engage and accommodate them. After assessing that the players on the team do not have the ability to execute relatively complex offensive schemes and tasks, Lengyel realizes they need to simplify their playbook. In this instance, because the assistants have established themselves in their respected roles, Lengyel engages them in the decision-making process. Utilizing the Participative leadership style results in Coach Dawson coming up with the idea to use the simplified Veer Offense. In addition to building trust and satisfaction from the assistant coaches, the players also benefit as it reduces a significant roadblock for them 4. Outcome: A. Performance: Helps followers reach their peak performance. B. Satisfaction: Makes working to obtain goal more satisfying. By successfully adapting to both the characteristics of his subordinates and of the environment, Lengyel helps his followers exert maximum effort and gain satisfaction from obtaining their goals. Coach Lengyel was able to forge a path for his followers by taking into account the different strengths and weaknesses of his followers. As articulated in his speech the team’s main goal of honoring the memory of the team was to â€Å"lay it on the line† and provide maximum effort. Whether it was the players on the players on the field or even Interim President Dedmond aggressively petitioning the NCAA to let their freshmen play, Lengyel’s followers were clearly motivated by his leadership How to cite Path Goal Theory, Papers

Ineffective Practices Beachside Impacts †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ineffective Practices Beachside Impacts? Answer: Introducation One of the ineffective practice used by Beachside Hotel is the application of outside recruitment method for the hotel manager. The hotel seems to take the workers and hire them from other hotels. It is inappropriate because a new General manager will not have a good history of the hotel. Consider Joe in sunrise hotel. Joe started as a front manager in Sunrise hotel and advanced towards becoming the general management. He has a good history, organizational culture of sunrise hotel and he is able to transform Sunrise hotel to a better position. The impact of outside recruitment especially in higher management position is that, the organization may lose customers because of a change resulted by a new general manager. The new employee takes time to learn the organization culture and adapt, therefore, the hotel may be stagnant in development (Herman, Huang Lam, 2013, p.763). Neglecting employee recognition of their performance Another ineffective practice is failing to recognize the employee performances which in turn kills motivation in the hotel. A non-motivated environment is not conducive for work. Beachside hotel does not offer motivation to its employee. Nobody is concerned about the welfare of the employee as the HR practitioner is concerned with recruiting new workers. The results of lacking motivation lead to employee turnover (Long, Ajagbe Kowang, 2014, p.103) To beachside hotel, the average rate of tenure is too low compared to Sunrise hotel. beachside hotel rate is 3 months while for Sunrise it is 4 years. In fact, this is incomparable. Sending employees off and hiring others frequently, will affect the occupancy as well as customers will not get uniformity of service. Operating without the policy guide There is no policy guide in Beach guide hotel. A policy is the guide that directs the organization on what to do and how to do it. If beachside hotel doesnt have that policy guide, there is no future. Policies based on hiring or recruiting new employees, policies of service among others should be included in the guide. If beachside hotel does not have them, then it would not perform as Sunrise hotel is doing. For instance, Brian is not involved in hiring employees, the lady who does it has no manual on how to do it and no policies to guide her. Therefore, things are done carelessly, employees psychological contract broken and the hotels income is affected. Practices at the beachside hotel that could cause a staff member to launch a grievance A staff member can launch a grievance against the hotel for late payments of their salaries. According to New Zealand employment rights, workers should be paid the agreed wages or the remuneration fees. Failure to which, a worker is allowed to launch a grievance against the company. The grievance can be launched on the basis of breaking the agreed terms and conditions of service in the hotel. Another grievance can be laid based on firing the staff members. There is a record where the company hires new employees after either firing the existing ones on the basis of performance or due to employee turnover (Hausknecht Holwerda, 2013, p.210). However, if the process for financial an employee is not carried on as legally expected. The staff member can raise a grievance based on that. The reason is because, an abrupt firing of an employee results to a bad experience to the party involved because of no preparation through communication and procedural approaches to denouncing of someones services. The process that Brian should use in for resolving the grievances The process should start with the staff member who writes a letter to the employer setting out the details of the grievance such as the reason or the basis for the grievance. In this part, the employee should suggest how the grievance could be solved. After Brian receive the grievance on writing, he should consider it and set a date for solving it with the employee. In this meeting, Brian should seek to grasp the facts about the grievance and deliberate with the staff member or the employee on hoe the issue will be solved. Brian should also be prepared to handle the issue written to him as the general manager of the hotel because if the staff member notices that Brian is not ready to hear about the grievance, he/she may decide to take the issue to the legal authority and result to a penalty for compensation of the workers. The hotels can even be kept on hold if a certified trade union official in New Zealand ruled in favor of the employees based on the poor working conditions or environment. Then Brian checks the suggestions to settle the grievance and writes back to the staff member a letter bearing the action or the response towards settling the proven problem.Specific recruitment and selection procedures that could be implement ed in the Beachside hotel. Identify the vacancy and develop the position description The process starts by identifying the vacancy and developing a position description. This involves the team of managers together with the HR department who meets to identify the need they have and what the type of the employee they need for that work. Beachside hotel could identify the gap in their hotel, if for example, the front manager, the hotel then describes the qualities and qualifications as the first step. Develop a recruitment plan The second step would involve developing a recruitment plan. The Beachside hotel team of managers should then device the plan that they would use for advertising the position, recruitment and employment process. The plan would also describe the type of method they would use for selecting of the employee they require. It may be through interviews, random selection or purposive employee selection. Conduct an Interview The third step will include conducting an interview where the selected individuals are invited to present themselves before the managers board. Interested individuals are evaluated on the basis of experience, education achievement and attainment, recommendations from previous firms and also personality. This step would help the employers in Beachside hotel to have a person who is able to deliver good services to the hotel and also a person of good conduct and reputation from the acknowledged referees. Select and Hire The final step is select and hire. The person who have achieved the position description is considered for the post. The Beachside hotel will be assured that the person who they have selected for a specific task is in a position to do it efficiently and professionally. Workers who have been selected this way are able to deliver for the hotel. For Beachside hotel, there would be seen a positive deviation in all aspects ranging from customer satisfaction, reduced turnover and also occupancy (Ritesh, 2014). The process used by Beachside hotel that has resulted Mary be in her current position. Advantages The advantage is that; Beachside hotel will be in a position to retain Mary. Considering that Mary was unable to perform at the front desk, the organization was to fire her. Redeploying an employee or reshuffling of positions helps to retain him/her in a new post which he/she may perform better. Mary for instance would improve on her level of performance as a Human Resource Management Practitioner. Another advantage is that, there is reduced recruitment cost. The reason is that, Beachside hotel did not have to go through the whole recruitment and selecting procedure as Mary was their workmate and they knew much about her. The process of transferring an underperforming employee to a new task is not a guarantee that they will perform well. At the front desk, Mary was not able to handle the customers. When it comes to the HR department, she is not performing at all because there are late payments, no motivation of the employees and turnover rate is very high (Long, Ajagbe Kowang, 2014, p.103). There is no criteria or policies for promotions in Beachside hotel. One would ask themselves, which criteria was used for Mary to become a HR practitioner? The reason is that; she did not achieve or added educational merits but it was just a single persons idea. The shift in position for the case of Mary results to breaking the psychological contract for other employee who are hardworking and dedicated in service. A person who deserved that position was not Mary but, since she was given the post, other workers must have felt unjustified and the results would be poor performance. Other HR initiatives that could be undertaken by Sunrise in order to help with the overall performance of the Organization. Creating flexible working hours Joe and his team can initiate flexible working hours for the employees. The initiative would make the workers free to choose their most convenient working hours and provide their services extensively for the hours at work. The initiative would assure the workers freedom of choice and the performance would increase (De Menezes Kelliher, 2016, p.58). According to the research done in United States of America, organizations that allows the workers to work at their flexible and convenient time for each, were noted with an increase of performance by a 12%. Sunrise would make a step further by giving its employees a flexible working scheme. Employee engagement Engaging the employee in making decisions and suggesting workable ideas would work very well for Sunrise hotel. Workers needs to feel as part of the organization. They should not be just subjects for receiving orders (Mone London, 2014, p.37). The initiative would help the organization to develop the skills and monitor talents of the employee. Those who have nice ideas are motivated to bring them on board and they are implemented. Overall performance is finally increased. References De Menezes, L. M., Kelliher, C. (2016). Flexible Working, Individual Performance, and Employee Attitudes: Comparing Formal and Informal Arrangements. Human Resource Management. Hausknecht, J. P., Holwerda, J. A. (2013). When does employee turnover matter? Dynamic member configurations, productive capacity, and collective performance. Organization Science, 24(1), 210-225. Herman, H. M., Huang, X., Lam, W. (2013). Why does transformational leadership matter for employee turnover? A multi-foci social exchange perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(5), accounting. Long, C. S., Ajagbe, M. A., Kowang, T. O. (2014). Addressing the issues on employees turnover intention in the perspective of HRM practices in SME. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 99-104. Mone, E. M., London, M. (2014). Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Ritesh, J. (2014). Important Measures and Dominents of Appointment or Recruitment Period in an operations. Truss, C., Shantz, A., Soane, E., Alfes, K., Delbridge, R. (2013). Employee engagement, organisational performance and individual well-being: exploring the evidence, developing the theory. Uzonna, U. R. (2013). Impact of motivation on employees' performance: A case study of CreditWest Bank Cyprus. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 5(5), 199.

Management Effective contemporary quality Management practices

Introduction Management is considered the most important aspect of operation in the organization. There are several factors that opt to be effectively managed and coordinated to ensure that the organization effectively and efficiently operates or function. There are several resources that an organization or company require to effectively and efficiently operate.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management: Effective contemporary quality Management practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, human resources are considered the most important resources in an organization. This is because human resources are directly in charge of execution of duties and achievement of results in an organization. Basically, human resources are in charge of formulation and implementation of policies in an organization. Organizations require effective and realistic policies to efficiently operate. Furthermore, the human resource s or employees must be competent to ensure that the formulated policies are effectively implemented. This is a report paper discussing or debating the relationship between employees’ competency and organizational efficiency. Employees’ competency and efficiency in an organization Today, there are four major impediments that may affect the level of productivity in any given organization. These challenges include call to satisfy clients, need for innovation, call for a speedy response to the ever-shifting market requirements, and augmented levels of competition. Consequently, both managers and workers ought to be committed to the attainment of a company’s objectives in order to overcome these impediments. It is therefore necessary for management to come up with effective strategies to deal with the issue at hand, for instance, management should ensure that all aspects of a company’s operations are supportive and encouraging to employees. They can achieve th is by first ensuring that the organization’s basic requirements are put in place. Such requirements may include high quality of goods and services that employees can easily advocate for. Generally, such requirements require competent employees to ensure that they are met. Employee competency ought to begin with the top management and enforced among the junior employees too. Furthermore, an excellent system of delivery that guarantees that pledges and promises made to the customers are met, effective practices which are sincere, clear-cut and executed with honesty. Most importantly, management should consider the manner in which it should provide thrust to motivate workers as this influences their level of commitment to the company (Ferguson 36).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several factors that are considered while evaluating efficiency of an organizatio n. These factors should be effectively coordinated and implemented to enhance efficiency of the respective organization. Basically, an organization requires competent staff or employees to achieve its goals and objectives, and effectively and adequately respond to market changes, produce quality goods and services and create or enhance good relation between the company and the public and enhance consumers’ satisfaction. Generally, efficiency of an organization is derived from the quality of goods and services it produces or offers in the market, its response to technological changes and market changes, consumers’ satisfaction and relation the company has with the general public among others. Therefore, an organization requires competent employees to enhance efficiency in operation. Furthermore, efficiency in organization is enhanced by competency of employees of the respective organization (Gowdy 28). Even though technology is known to dominate the current corporate se ction throughout the world, a lot of focus has recently been put on employees as well as the manner in which they are handled by their seniors. Basically, relationship between the junior and senior employees is determined by competency of both the junior and senior employees. It has been proved that competent employees professionally relate irrespective of their position in the respective organization leading to efficiency in the organizational operations. It is often said that the best managers produce the best results from their employees. As a matter of fact, throughout history, managers have devised several approaches and strategies which have been aimed at enhancing performance of employees. In addition, a lot of research has been carried out with regards to employee engagement. For this reason, there is need to critically examine employee engagement and competency as well as roles played by managers and relationship between employees’ self-efficacy and managers’ effectiveness. This will help to explain the impacts as well as benefits of enhancing employee competency through engagement. Moreover, it will help to illuminate on various ways that may be used to enhance employee competency through engagement in the respective organization (Bret 37).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management: Effective contemporary quality Management practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizational objectives, organizational efficiency and employees’ competency Businesses or organizations are formed with objectives or goals. However, there are different types of organizations, for instance, profit oriented and non profit organizations. Though non profit organizations are not after maximization of profits, they require competent employees to meet their goals or objectives. Objectives and goals are set by both profit oriented and non profit organizations. This is because objec tives and goals govern operations of individual organizations in the respective industries and market where they operate. Basically, organizations require competent employees so that they can outline or set realistic goals or objectives that can be achieved within the stated deadline (Uche 35). Objectives and goals set or outlined by an organization may lead to efficient operation of the respective organization or company. Achievement of the respective goals and objectives within the stated deadlines also reflects efficiency of not only the organization, but competency of the employees of the respective organization. Therefore, an organization requires a competent staff or management team to set or establish realistic objectives. Furthermore, organizations also require competent employees or staff to achieve the respective goals and objectives within the stated deadlines. This is because achievement of goals and objectives requires competent employees who understand the nature of ea ch objective and time required during the implementation period to achieve the respective goals and objectives (McCarthy 42). Objectives and goals of an organization may also determine the efficiency of the respective organization. However, this can only be realized in case the respective organization employees competent employees to enhance realization or achievement of the respective goals or objectives. An organization may establish effective goals and objectives, but the respective goals or objectives may not lead to efficiency of the respective organization. This can happen in case the organization lacks competent employees who can effectively implement the respective goals and objectives, and ensure their achievements within the stated deadlines by the respective organization. Generally, an organization requires a competent human resource team that can formulate realistic goals and objectives, which can lead to efficiency of the respective organization. However, formulation of effective goals and objectives may not be useful to an organization in case it lacks a competent human resource team to implement the respective goals and objectives.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, an organization should develop and maintain competent employees who can effectively work towards achievement of the goals and objectives, and enhance efficiency of the organization by ensuring that the goals and objectives are achieved within the deadlines stated by the management team during formulation of the respective goals and objectives (Singleton and Singleton 52). Employees’ competency, organizational efficiency and technological changes In operation of businesses, management has to consider both internal and external business environment factors. Organizations have direct influence over internal factors, but not the external factors though both affect operations of an organization, for instance, technological changes. There are several uncertainties in the business environment that organizations ought to effective respond to enhance efficiency in operation in the respective market and industry where they operate. Failure to adequately and effectively respo nd to these uncertainties may lead to losses or even closure of operation of the respective organization. Technology is dynamic and frequently changes and this also affects operations of organizations irrespective of their line of business or nature of businesses they transact. Generally, technological changes affect delivery of services and production of goods by organizations and companies in the market or globally (Silverstone and Sheetz 48). Organizations must effectively and adequately respond to changes in technology that directly affect their nature of business. Failure to respond to these changes may affect income levels of the respective organization. Furthermore, it may also affect operation of the respective organization. Efficiency of an organization is determined by the response the organization has towards changes that affect their operation. Basically, failure to respond to technological changes may lead to production of goods using outdated technologies, and delivery of low quality services in the market. Technology frequently changes due to developments and frequent research on technology. Furthermore, developments in technology influence production processes and delivery of services. Moreover, effective and adequate response of an organization to technological changes enhances efficiency of the respective organization. However, an organization requires a competent human resource team to effectively and adequately respond to these technological changes. Generally, effective response to technological changes may enhance efficiency of an organization because it may lead to adoption of better production methods and delivery of quality services, which meet the market requirements and demands of the respective consumer in the market (Bret 44). Effective response to technological changes is determined by competency of employees responsible for technological department in the respective organization. Employees need to frequently and regularly review technological changes and adopt or adjust to changes that directly affect their operation in the respective market or industry. Effective review of technological changes requires a competent human resource team that can effectively and adequately review technological changes and effectively advise the organization on how to adopt the new changes and enhance efficiency in operation by meeting market demands and requirements. Therefore, organizations require competent employees to effectively and adequately respond to technological changes that directly affect their operation in the respective market and industry. This can also enable an organization to meet demands of consumers by producing quality goods and offering quality services (Gowdy 55). Ensuring that Employees’ competency facilitates the Achievement of an Organization’s Goals Managers should ensure that they connect the employee competency strategies with the realization of the company’s objectives. As a matter of fact, employee competency should be seen as a means to an end but not an end in itself. Consequently, managers should ensure that they first establish the company’s main objective as it is pointless to have employee competency without linking it to the organization’s goals. Effective linking of the organizational objectives and employees’ competency may lead to increased efficiency in an organization. This is because it can lead to achievement of the outlined goals and objectives by the management team within the stated deadline. An organization should ensure that competency of its employees facilitates achievements of goals and objectives leading to increased efficiency in the organization (Mouse 72). In addition managers should ensure that they show their commitment to the ideas of competent employees, for instance, they should always make sure that they respond and act on employees’ propositions for improvement of the organization’s p erformance. It is indeed very exasperating to employees when they are asked for suggestions and their responses disregarded. Competent employees may positively contribute to increased efficiency in an organization through suggestions of ideas that can lead to improved operations within the organization. Generally, competent employees may suggest effective strategies that can lead to efficiency in operation in the respective organization, if the suggested ideas are effectively implemented (Silverstone and Sheetz 82). Moreover, supervisors should always volunteer to teach employees more about the business or organization itself. Employees can only contribute positive suggestions that can enhance efficiency in the organization if they are well versed with the organization where they work. This is because lack of enough knowledge on how a company runs may influence employees to give unsuitable suggestions. Basically, employees’ suggestions in an organization may be used to enhanc e efficiency. Ideally, knowledgeable and empowered employees are likely to produce best outcomes from employee competency programs. Employees are only empowered to give productive suggestions if they are competent and are well versed with their roles in the respective organization and how the organization operates too. Generally, employees’ competency can only contribute to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives if they understand the objectives and goals of the respective organization. Therefore, for an organization to reap from its employees’ competency, management has to enlighten its employees on the goals and objectives of the respective organization, and how the organization operates (Hopwood, Young and Leiner 73). Drivers of Employee competency Even though we can determine the level of employee competencies through employee surveys, we may not be in a position to identify necessary areas that need to be improved within an organization through sur veys. It is therefore important for managers to consider a variety of factors, which are also referred to as drivers, which are said to improve general employee competency and enhance efficiency in the respective organization. In case these drivers are effectively handled, a company can successfully deal with increasing employees’ degree of competency. These drivers include effective communication, performance intelligibility and response, organizational values, incentives as well as appreciation, excellent relationships between employees and managers, professional advancement prospects and familiarity of a company’s objectives are some of the major aspects that enhance employee competency hence enhancing efficiency in the respective organization (Hopwood, Young and Leiner 86). Employee perceptions of his/her job and company According to a recent study, a worker’s attitude towards his/her work in a particular organization has a major influence on his/her on loya lty to the organization which has a tremendous impact on customer satisfaction. Generally, it is believed that competent employees have positive attitude towards their work in respective organization and effectively undertake their duties. This may lead to improved services to customers and production of quality goods leading to increased customer satisfaction. Additionally, this may enhance efficiency in operation because individual employees understand and value their job in the respective organization. An organization requires competent employees because competent employees understand their job leading to positive perception about their job and the respective organization where they work in case they understand the values and culture of the respective organization too. Therefore, positive perception about a company or job by an employee may enhance his/her competency leading to increased efficiency in the respective organization (Manning 75). The clarity of job expectations in th e employees In case the management’s expectations are not clearly outlined to employees, and the entire fundamental resources are not adequately provided, unenthusiastic feelings such as boredom or bitterness may crop within employees and they are therefore likely to shift their attention from the organization’s general wellbeing to survival mechanisms. Employees should be well informed on the job expectation. This makes the employees prepared to carry out their respective duties. Better understanding of an organizational job expectation may also enable an employee to utilize his or competency in carry out respective duties in the organization. Generally, employees may not be able to effectively utilize their competency if they are not aware of job expectation in the respective organization. However, if employees are well informed on the job expectations in the respective organization, they may easily utilize their competency towards improvement of the organizational e fficiency. Moreover, though an organization may hire competent employees, benefits of their competency might not be realized in case the organization does not effectively and adequately inform the respective employees on the job expectations. An organization’s management should enlighten employees on job expectations in the respective organization. In return, this can enhance competency of the respective employees because they adequately understand their job leading to increased organizational efficiency. Therefore, clarity of job expectations may enhance employees’ competency leading to increased efficiency in the respective organization (McCarthy 63). Professional development opportunities Research has shown that career improvement opportunities often have a positive impact on workers attitudes as it contributes to employee motivation. As a matter of fact, in many organizations, this is often suggested by employees and made effective through management. In most cases , career improvement has a positive impact on an organizations general performance. Generally, professional development opportunities are meant to enhance employees’ competency in respective organizations. Employees enhance their performance by undergoing different trainings related to their area of profession. Organizational efficiency greatly relies on employees’ competency. Since professional development opportunities leads to increased employees competency; therefore, it also contributes to efficiency of respective organizations that have established employee professional development plans or programs. An organization requires competent employees to enhance efficiency. However, employing and maintaining competent employees or staff may be difficult. Organizations need to establish a professional development plan or program so as to enhance competency of the respective employees to enhance efficiency. Professional development plans or programs are essential in boost ing employees’ competency leading to increased efficiency in the respective organization. Therefore, professional development plans or programs may enhance employee competency leading to increased efficiency in the respective organization (Lenox 45). Regular and effective communication between employees and managers Management should always strive to present an opportunity for dialogue where employees air their views, are appreciated and reminded of management’s expectations. This way, employees are likely to develop a feeling of belonging and hence likely to influence their productivity positively. Communication is an essential management tool that positively contributes to efficiency in organizations. Employees and managers should frequently and constantly communicate to enhance efficiency in the respective organization. This is because effective communication between managers and employees enables both the managers and employees to understand the organization better . It may also enable the employees to understand changes in the organization and how to adjust to such changes without affecting operations within the respective organization. Furthermore, regular and effective communication between and among employees may enable employees to decide on the necessary changes that the respective organization require leading to increased efficiency. Basically, regular and effective communication between managers and employees may enhance employees’ competency leading to increased efficiency in the respective organization. Therefore, an organization requires regular and effective communication between junior and senior employees to enhance their competency leading to increased efficiency in the respective organization (Silverstone and Sheetz 74). An effective relationship among workers and with superiors An effective relationship among employees and with their superiors is a vital ingredient ‘ in an organizations general performance. In cas e employees do not relate with their fellow employees as well as managers in a cordial manner, then they are not likely to perform at their best. As a matter of fact, employee adequate incorporation of their competency is a direct manifestation of workers feeling towards their relationship with their colleagues and superiors. In addition, such a relationship moves management closer to workers and they are thus in a better position to understand workers grievances and respond to them appropriately. In such instances, management is able to depict when performance is not at its best in good time and thus act promptly. In return, this may lead to increased efficiency in the respective organization. Efficiency in an organization can only be enhanced by performance of employees in the respective organization. Furthermore, competent employees are most likely to enhance efficiency in the organization because competent employees effectively perform their duties. Generally, efficiency in an o rganization may only increase if employees effectively and professionally relate with their supervisors. This is because it leads to good working relation and enhancement of competency. In the long run, this may enhance efficiency in the respective organization (Mouse 94). Perceptions of an organization’s culture and values An organization’s culture and values postulates a vital inspirational factor of employee engagement and competency. Absence of the two is likely to affect a company’s performance negatively. Organizational values and culture stipulates on the expected codes of conduct among employees in the respective organization. This might enhance efficiency of the respective organization if employees adhere by the culture and values of the respective organization. An organization need to enhance employees understanding of their culture and values to enhance their operation in the respective organization. This might also increase competency of employees in the respective organization leading to increased efficiency in operation. Therefore, organizations need to enlighten employees on their cultures and values so as to increase their competency in operation leading to enhanced efficiency (Uche 62). Reward for competency In any organization, it is important for managers to reflect on the benefits that an organization stands to gain if they offer incentives to employees. This is an important way of improving employees’ drive and thus improves their engagement and competency. In order to achieve this, it is important for supervisors to set sensible goals for employees, pick the most appropriate rewards for the incentive program, constantly address reward issues, come up with several and different winners and different rewards, support constant effort, present awards in a transparent manner and assess incentive programs on a regular basis. Rewards to competent employees or best performing employees greatly motivate employees to wor k hard to be recognized by the organization’s management. In return, this enhances employees’ competency because individual employees will have to work towards achievements of respective goals within the stated deadlines to be appreciated and rewarded accordingly. This increases employees’ competency hence enhancing efficiency of the respective organization (Singleton and Singleton 86). Conclusion Organizations operate to enhance efficiency hence increase their market share and profit level. Basically, organizational efficiency relies on employees’ competency. There are several factors that an organization has to effectively respond to so as to enhance efficiency, for instance, technological change, market demands and requirements, service delivery and production of products among others. Furthermore, there are drivers that may increase employees’ competency leading to increased efficiency in respective organizations, for instance, professional dev elopment plans or programs, competency reward system and regular and effective communication among employees among others. Considering relationship between employees’ competency and organizational efficiency, organizations need to promote employees’ competency so as to enhance efficiency in the respective organization. Works Cited Bret, Sharon. Essentials of Human Resource Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. Ferguson. Management: Effective contemporary quality Management practices. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010. Print. Gowdy, John. Organizational Efficiency and Employees’ competency. Chicago: CRC Press, 2010. Print. Hopwood, William, Young, George, and Leiner, Jay. Management and employees’  Competency. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011. Print. Lenox, Marcel. Effective Management towards organizational efficiency. New York: Springer, 2009. Print. Manning, George. Management: Organizational efficiency. Chicago: CRC Press, 2010. Print. McCarthy, David. ‘Contemporary Human Resource Management: Competency Based Approach.’ Cambridge; Cambridge UP, 2011. Print. Mouse, Mika. Management: Competency based approach. Indiana: Pearson Education, 2010. Print. Silverstone, Howard and Sheetz, Michael. Employee competency and Organizational  Efficiency. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. Print. Singleton, Tommie, and Singleton, Aaron. Contemporary Management, Organizational  Efficiency and employees’ competency. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. Print. Uche, Austin. Human Resource Management. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. Print. This report on Management: Effective contemporary quality Management practices was written and submitted by user Jorge Winters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography and Profile of Susan Rice

Biography and Profile of Susan Rice Name: Susan Elizabeth Rice Position: Nominated as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations by then President-elect Barack Obama on December 1, 2008 Born: November 17, 1964 in Washington, DC Education: Graduated National Cathedral School in Washington, DC in 1982 Undergraduate: Stanford University, B.A. in History, 1986. Graduate: Rhodes Scholar, New College, Oxford University, M.Phil., 1988 Oxford University, D.Phil. (Ph.D) in International Relations, 1990 Family Background Influences: Susan was born to Emmett J. Rice, Senior VP at the National Bank of Washington and Lois Dickson Rice, Senior VP for Government Affairs at Control Data Corporation. A Fulbright Scholar who served with the Tuskegee Airmen in WWII, Emmett integrated the Berkeley Fire Department as its first black fireman while earning a Ph.D. at the University of California; taught economics at Cornell as the only black assistant professor; and was a governor of the Federal Reserve from 1979-1986. A Radcliffe graduate, Lois was a former VP of the College Board and chaired an advisory council of the National Science Foundation. High School College Years: At the elite private girls school that Rice attended, she was nicknamed Spo (short for Sportin); she played three sports, was student council president and valedictorian. At home, the family entertained distinguished friends such as Madeleine Albright, who would later become the first female Secretary of State. At Stanford, Rice studied hard yet made her mark via political activism. To protest apartheid, she established a fund for alumni gifts with a catch - the funds could only be accessed if the university divested from companies conducting business with South Africa, or if apartheid were abolished. Professional Career: Senior foreign policy adviser to Senator Obama, 2005-08 Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy, Global Economy Development, Brookings Institution, 2002-present Senior adviser for National Security Affairs, Kerry-Edwards campaign, 2004 Managing Director Principal of Intellibridge International, 2001-02 Management consultant, McKinsey Company, 1991-93 Clinton Administration: Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, 1997-2001 Special Assistant to the President Senior Director for African Affairs, National Security Council (NSC), 1995-97 Director for International Organizations Peacekeeping, NSC, 1993-95 Political Career: While working on the presidential campaign of Michael Dukakis, an aide encouraged Rice to consider the National Security Council as a future career path. She began her stint with the NSC in peacekeeping and was soon promoted to senior director for African affairs. When she was named Assistant Secretary of State for Africa by President Bill Clinton at age 32, she became one of the youngest ever to hold that position. Her responsibilities included overseeing the actions of more than 40 nations and 5000 foreign service officials. Her appointment was regarded with skepticism by some US bureaucrats who cited her youth and inexperience; in Africa, concerns over cultural differences and her ability to deal effectively with traditional African male heads of state were raised. Yet Rices skill as a charming but firm negotiator and her unflagging determination have aided her in difficult situations. Even critics acknowledge her strengths; one prominent Africa scholar has called her dynamic, a quick study, and good on her feet. If confirmed as US ambassador, Susan Rice will be the second-youngest ambassador to the UN. Honors Awards: Co-recipient of the White House’s 2000 Samuel Nelson Drew Memorial Award for distinguished contributions to the formation of peaceful, cooperative relationships between states. Awarded the Chatham House-British International Studies Association Prize for the most distinguished doctoral dissertation in the UK in the field of International Relations. Personal Life: Susan Rice married Ian Cameron on September 12, 1992 in Washington, DC; the two met while at Stanford. Cameron is executive producer of ABC Newss This Week with George Stephanopoulos. The couple have two young children. Sources: Berman, Russell. Meet Obamas Tenacious, Take Charge Dr. Rice. NYSun.com, 28 January 2008.Brant, Martha. Into Africa. Stanford Magazine at Stanfordalumni.org, January/February 2000.Brookings Experts: Senior Fellow Susan E. Rice. Brookings.edu, retrieved 1 December 2008.Emmett J. Rice, Education of an Economist: From Fulbright Scholar to the Federal Reserve Board, 1951-1979. University of California Black Alumni Series, transcript of an interview conducted 18 May 1984.Stanford Alumni: Black Community Services Center Hall of Fame. Stanfordalumni.org, retrieved 1 December 2008.Times Topics: Susan E. Rice. NYTimes.com, retrieved 1 December 2008.WEDDINGS; Susan E. Rice, Ian Cameron.  New York Times, 13 September 1992.

How Christmas Trees Became Popular in the 1800s

How Christmas Trees Became Popular in the 1800s The husband of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, gets the credit for making Christmas trees fashionable, as he famously set one up in Windsor Castle in the late 1840s. Yet there are reports of Christmas trees appearing in the United States years before the royal Christmas tree made a splash in American magazines. One classic yarn is that Hessian soldiers had been celebrating around a Christmas tree when George Washington caught them by surprise at the battle of Trenton. The Continental Army did cross the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians on Christmas night 1776, but there is no documentation of a Christmas tree having been present. Another story is that a Hessian soldier who happened to be in Connecticut set up Americas first Christmas tree in 1777. While thats accepted local lore in Connecticut, there also doesnt seem to be any documentation of the story. A German Immigrant and His Ohio Christmas Tree In the late 1800s a story circulated that a German immigrant, August Imgard, had set up the first American Christmas tree in Wooster, Ohio, in 1847. The story of Imgard appeared often in newspapers as a holiday feature. The basic version of the tale was that Imgard, after arriving in America, was homesick at Christmas. So he cut down the top of a spruce tree, brought it indoors, and decorated it with handmade paper ornaments and small candles. In some versions of the Imgard story he had a local tinsmith fashion a star for the top of the tree, and sometimes he was said to have decorated his tree with candy canes. There actually was a man named August Imgard who lived in Wooster, Ohio, and his descendants kept the story of his Christmas tree alive well into the 20th century. And there is no reason to doubt that he decorated a Christmas tree in the late 1840s. But there is a documented account of an earlier Christmas tree in America. First Documented Christmas Tree in America A professor at Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Charles Follen is known to have set up a Christmas tree in his home in the mid-1830s, more than a decade before August Imgard would have arrived in Ohio. Follen, a political exile from Germany, became known as a member of the abolitionist movement. The British writer Harriet Martineau visited Follen and his family at Christmas 1835 and later described the scene. Follen had decorated the top of a spruce tree with small candles and presents for his son Charlie, who was three years old. The first printed image of a Christmas tree in America seems to have occurred a year later, in 1836. A Christmas gift book titled A Strangers Gift, written by Herman Bokum, a German immigrant who, like Charles Follen, was teaching at Harvard, contained an illustration of a mother and several small children standing around a tree illuminated with candles. Earliest Newspaper Reports of Christmas Trees The Christmas tree of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert became known in America in the late 1840s, and in the 1850s reports of Christmas trees began appearing in American newspapers. A newspaper report described an interesting festival, a Christmas tree, which was viewed in Concord, Massachusetts on Christmas Eve 1853. According to the account in the Springfield Republican, all the children of the town participated and someone dressed as St. Nicholas distributed presents. Two years later, in 1855, the Times-Picayune in New Orleans published an article noting that St. Pauls Episcopal Church would be setting up a Christmas tree. This is a German custom, the newspaper explained, and one that has been of late years imported into this country, to the great delight of the young folks, who are its especial beneficiaries. The article in the New Orleans newspaper offers details indicating that many readers would be unfamiliar with the concept: A tree of evergreen, in size adapted to the dimensions of the room in which it is displayed, is selected, the trunk and branches of which are to be hung with brilliant lights, and laden from the lowest bought to the topmost branch, with Christmas gifts, delicacies, ornaments, etc., of every imaginable variety, forming a perfect storehouse of rare presents from old Santa Claus.What indeed can be more gratifying to children than to take them where their eyes will grow big and bright, feasting on such a sight on the eve of Christmas. A Philadelphia newspaper, The Press, published an article on Christmas Day 1857 which detailed how various ethnic groups had brought their own Christmas customs to America. It said: From Germany, in particular, comes the Christmas tree, hung all round with gifts of all sorts, interspersed with crowds of small tapers, which illuminate the tree and excite general admiration. The 1857 article from Philadelphia whimsically described Christmas trees as immigrants who had become citizens, stating, We are naturalizing the Christmas tree. And by the time, an employee of Thomas Edison created the first electric Christmas tree in the 1880s, the Christmas tree custom, whatever its origins, was permanently established. There are a number of unverified stories about Christmas trees in the White House in the mid-1800s. But it seems the first documented appearance of a Christmas tree wasnt until 1889. President Benjamin Harrison, who always had the reputation of being one of the less interesting presidents, was nonetheless very interested in Christmas celebrations. Harrison had a decorated tree placed in an upstairs bedroom of the White House, perhaps mostly for the entertainment of his grandchildren. Newspaper reporters were invited to see the tree and wrote fairly detailed reports about it. By the end of the 19th century, Christmas trees had become a widespread tradition throughout America.

Struggle in Fairy Tale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Struggle in Fairy Tale - Essay Example Realism makes a story appealing to the reader (Moore 1995). However, realism seems very minimal in fairy tale prose. This realism is concerning about the action/reaction relativity in the story setting of the situation in the fairy tales.Somehow their unrealism can be credited for by the given struggle to them by its authors. Also by the very characterization of the characters that speak and reacted unexpectedly that made the story less credible.An interesting story mostly relies on the reaction from the action given or from the struggle that the main character dealing with as a conflict. Literature scholars have been discussing and affirming this literary concept.In the matter of the fairy tale concept, it was traditionally formulated that the functions of the characters serve as the stable "serve as stable, constant elements in a tale, independent of how and by whom they are fulfilled", according to Russian Scholar Vladimir Propp (Lefavole. Org 2008). He also said that it has been observed that the number of function in the fairy tale is limited and its sequence of function is often identical (Lefavole. Org 2008).Study says that changing the obstacle or danger of the story could also affect the reaction of the character. Thus the changes in the story then able to comply to the expected realism that critical reader would highly appreciate or prefer.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 35

Assignment Example At year end he had 2,000 olives left in inventory. Since it appears the prices are rising very fast, perhaps due to inflation, FIFO method would appear more realistic in the eyes of the bank, unlike LIFO, which would result into unrealistically lower cost of goods sold and higher net income. Therefore, Mr. Jones should use FIFO method (Albrecht 45). Please solve the following Financial Statement Ratios using the Balance Sheet and Income Statement found below. Also tell me, in a sentence or two, what we have learned from each one. Don’t give me a definition of the ratio - tell me what these numbers tell us. A current ratio of 2.3 is a healthy liquidity level, since it means that the company is able to meet its short-term dues using its current assets/liquid assets. For that reason, the company cannot fall bankrupt easily (Baker, Benrud and Powell 112). This figure shows that the financial position of the company is fine. Having a positive working capital means that the company has enough liquid resources to pay its short-term liabilities when they fall due hence it cannot be declared bankrupt

Promotional Strategy Essay Example for Free

Promotional Strategy Essay There are various ways to communicate with potential customers. Promotional strategy includes a mix of advertising, publicity, sales promotions, personal selling, and public relations. Each component of the promotional mix plays a role in your effort to have potential customers learn about your business and buy your goods or services. Your promotional strategy must address the who, what, when, where, and how much money to spend. The Who of Your Promotional Strategy No business can be all things to all people, and no business has an unlimited amount of money to spend on its promotions. You will need to be sure you direct your effort and money to your target market. The better you can identify who is in your target market, where they live, what magazines and newspapers they read, what television stations they watch, and what radio stations they listen to, the higher the probability that you will be able to get their attention and influence their behavior. If you can identify your target markets demographics, then you can check the listenership, viewership, and readership profiles for various media, including local radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and television stations. For example, if you are opening a clothing store and the primary target market is teenage girls, then you should review the rating of radio listenership in your geographic area. Most radio stations have a copy of the ratings. You will be able to determine which radio station has the highest listenership in that age category. The A. C. Nielsen rating service does the same for television viewership. The What of Your Promotional Strategy The what involves determining the message you should communicate to your target market. Your promotional strategy is intended to take people who may have varying degrees of interest in your type of goods and services and get them to become your customers. You will need to know who they are, who they are currently buying from, why they are buying the goods and services, and to what extent they are still customers in search of a business. Your promotional strategy is intended to get the people in your target market to modify their behavior. The message you send to the people in your target market must be tailored to their mental frameworks. Your message must also provide the incentive for them to do business with you. Your promotional strategy should be based on: (1) Who do you want to influence? (2) What do you have to offer them that is better than the competition? and (3) What do I need to communicate to them to get them to become my customers? Your promotional strategy should emphasize your competitive advantage(s). Successful promotional strategies are based on the concept, If everyone is offering a steak, then you must sell your sizzle! You must know what your target market values. Your strategy should highlight your businesss unique selling points/propositions. The When of Your Promotional Strategy There are four major intervals for promoting your business. The first is preening promotion. It is very important for a new business to generate customer interest before your business opens its doors. You want your target market to be anxious for your business to open. Some businesses do teaser advertising. A teaser ad may be, the countdown has begun; there are only 60 days until Company of Miami opens. This business may do teaser advertising by erecting a sign where the business will be located. Your business will also need to provide ongoing promotions. Your existing customers will need to be kept informed about developments in your business. You will also need to let potential customers learn about your business and its sizzle. Most new businesses tend to have a token grand opening promotion and do little after that. You need to develop an ongoing promotional program that will keep your business in your target markets minds. If the world doesnt know about your mousetraps advantages and the market doesnt know where your door is, then you will not sell a single mousetrap. The Where of Your Promotional Strategy Your promotional strategy will only be effective if its message gets to your target audience at the appropriate time. The where of promotional strategy involves the media you use to communicate with your target market. There are numerous avenues or media available for promoting your business. The key is to know which media will produce the best results. The media to be used will depend on to whom you want to direct your message, the nature of the message, and when it needs to be presented. Each type of media has advantages and disadvantages. Television offers color, movement, sound, and broad geographic coverage. Radio offers a means to get to a large number of people at various times of the day and night. Newspapers offer daily coverage to a large percentage of an areas households. Direct mail permits you to send your message to a specific group of people. Billboards take advantage of a captive audience while people are in their automobiles. There is no one best medium for all businesses. There is no one best medium for every type of message. When asked which medium is the best, the answer can only be, The one that does the best job of attracting customers per dollar cost. Your promotion budget also influences media selection. You want to get the best return per dollar invested in promotion. One medium may cost less than another, but you need to determine which one will do the most effective job of getting your message to your target market. businesses frequently evaluate media in terms of the cost of reaching each 1000 potential customers. The How Much to Spend Part of Your Promotional Strategy The question of how much money to spend on promoting your business is very difficult to answer. Some businesses spend a certain percentage of projected sales on promotion-related activities. If, for example, you are trying to generate sales of $ 100,000 for the first year, then you may want to review trade data on your type of business to learn what percentage of sales you should spend on advertising. Bank of America reports that the average ad expenses for apparel stores is 2 to 3 percent of sales; for bookstores, 1.5 to 2.5 percent of sales; and for gift stores, 1.5 to 2.5 percent of sales. These figures reflect annual budgets for existing businesses. Your first years promotional budget will need to be a larger percentage of sales because your business will be unknown and you will be trying to divert customers from other businesses. The percentage-of-sales method may provide a general idea of how much to spend, but spending a certain percentage of sales on promotion does not guaran tee that you will generate that level of sales. The best way to determine your promotional budget is to identify what you want to accomplish. This is known as the target approach. If you want to have 8 people come to you each week, then you need to determine what type and amount of promotion you will need to do to achieve that goal. You may find it will take 3 primetime radio spots per day on two different radio stations; a two column, 3inch ad in the local newspaper on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays; 2 billboards located on two major thoroughfares; and 1000 direct mail promotions per month to achieve your goal. The target approach recognizes that you must reach a critical mass before your promotions will have an effect on the market. The percentage-of-sales approach indicates what businesses spent. The target approach determines what you think it will take to achieve your sales goal. The target approach is particularly appropriate for a new venture. There are two other approaches businesses may use to determine their promotional budgets. Some businesses simply try to match their competition. They monitor the number of radio spots aired and the amount of ad space in the newspaper. The businesses then match their major competitors promotional program. This approach has two flaws. First, it assumes that your competitors are doing the right type and amount of advertising. Second, if you dont do a better job of promoting your business than your competition, why should your target market do business with you? The other approach to developing a promotional budget is based on how much you can afford to spend. This may be the least effective approach. It assumes that you have allocated money to all of the other aspects of your business. Any money that is left is what you can spend on promoting your business. You must recognize that you need to do promotions to generate sales. If you hope to have enough sales to leave you with enough money to do promotions, then you have things backwards. It is interesting to note that most people are reluctant to spend much money promoting their business. This reluctance is quite natural. Money spent on promotions offers no assurance that it will bring in enough customers to justify the expense. One of the sayings about advertising is, Only one-half of advertising works. The problem is that you dont know in advance which half it will be! However, promotions should be viewed as an investment that is necessary to generate the level of sales needed to produce your targeted level of profit. The Promotional Mix Most of the discussion of promotional strategy has been focused on advertising. Promotion also includes the name you choose for your business, its sign, personal selling techniques, point-of-purchase displays, special sales promotions, public relations, and publicity. Publicity may be particularly important for a new business. Publicity is defined as media coverage for which you dont pay. Many radio stations, newspapers, and television stations do features on new businesses when they open. If your business is the first of its kind in your area or if it has some special sizzle, you may be able to get the media to do a special feature on it. You should make every effort to get in touch with the media before your business opens. Publicity can be equivalent to thousands of dollars of free advertising. Publicity is also valuable because potential customers tend to pay more attention to features than to advertisements.

Personal Strengths & Weaknesses :: Personal Narrative Character Analysis Essays

I gave this paper a lot of thought before I began to write. ?What qualities and traits do I posses that make me desirable as an employee, a teammate, and as a person First, you must be able to identify your own personal strengths and weaknesses in order to become a lifelong learner and an essential part of a ?team?. As technology is constantly growing you have to be willing to accept what makes you an asset or a liability in any given situation you may encounter in your life. The qualities and traits that I feel make me a valuable entity to my employers, co-workers, classmates and within my personal relationships are varied. I will go on to describe some of the attributes I think are most important in establishing and maintaining successful relationships whether personal or work related.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a daily basis I am challenged with a multitude of situations that I must prioritize and resolve in order to move ahead. Through these experiences I have developed the ability to juggle these situations in a timely and satisfactory manner. Thus, making me a multitasked individual capable of handling a variety of rigorous tasks. Multitasking enables me to be more productive within a demanding atmosphere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aside from being an expert juggler, the ability to work well with others is a crucial part of most social interactions, as we are forced to interact with individuals in our social and personal realm. Active listening and an open dialogue are the keys to good communication. This has helped me to fulfill my obligations as a team member.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dedication and hard work are additional components that have enabled me to gain ground in the workplace. For example, the refinery I work at is running 24, 7, for me this means having to sometimes work overtime or on the weekends. Taking on-line courses has made it easier for me to remain accessible and dependable as an employee. I haven?t learned how to fit in time with friends and family yet, but I hope by my 3 or 4 course this will be a breeze.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although I would like to think I was perfect, I have come into the reality that in order to move forth in life you must continually try to better yourself both professionally and personally. I feel that my most crippling weakness is my lack of education. Now days, you can?t practically get a job flipping burgers without an Associates Degree. Personal Strengths & Weaknesses :: Personal Narrative Character Analysis Essays I gave this paper a lot of thought before I began to write. ?What qualities and traits do I posses that make me desirable as an employee, a teammate, and as a person First, you must be able to identify your own personal strengths and weaknesses in order to become a lifelong learner and an essential part of a ?team?. As technology is constantly growing you have to be willing to accept what makes you an asset or a liability in any given situation you may encounter in your life. The qualities and traits that I feel make me a valuable entity to my employers, co-workers, classmates and within my personal relationships are varied. I will go on to describe some of the attributes I think are most important in establishing and maintaining successful relationships whether personal or work related.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a daily basis I am challenged with a multitude of situations that I must prioritize and resolve in order to move ahead. Through these experiences I have developed the ability to juggle these situations in a timely and satisfactory manner. Thus, making me a multitasked individual capable of handling a variety of rigorous tasks. Multitasking enables me to be more productive within a demanding atmosphere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aside from being an expert juggler, the ability to work well with others is a crucial part of most social interactions, as we are forced to interact with individuals in our social and personal realm. Active listening and an open dialogue are the keys to good communication. This has helped me to fulfill my obligations as a team member.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dedication and hard work are additional components that have enabled me to gain ground in the workplace. For example, the refinery I work at is running 24, 7, for me this means having to sometimes work overtime or on the weekends. Taking on-line courses has made it easier for me to remain accessible and dependable as an employee. I haven?t learned how to fit in time with friends and family yet, but I hope by my 3 or 4 course this will be a breeze.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although I would like to think I was perfect, I have come into the reality that in order to move forth in life you must continually try to better yourself both professionally and personally. I feel that my most crippling weakness is my lack of education. Now days, you can?t practically get a job flipping burgers without an Associates Degree.

Stylistic Analysis

Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3-7 Chapter 1. Stylistic peculiarities of D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow’s poetry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 1. 1. The use of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition in poems by D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7-12 1. 2. Lingvo-stylistic potential of D. H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Don’ts†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12-14 1. 3. The main stylistic-semantic features of H. W. Longfellow’s poem â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4-18 Ch apter 2. Romantic and lyrical figure of Robert Burns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 2. 1. General stylistic features of R. Burns’s poem â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18-21 2. 2. The style in â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21-23 Chapter 3. Lexical, syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices in:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 3. 1. â€Å"Young and Old† by Charle Kingsley†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24-26 3. 2. â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by Barnabe Googe†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26-28 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦29-30 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦31-32 IntroductionThe theme of the course paper is concerned with the stylistic analysis of five poems by different authors (D. H. Lawrence, H. W. Longfellow, R. Burns, Ch. Kingsley, B. Googe). The issue of stylistics and stylistic analysis has been extensively studied in recent years and the problem of stylistics has been a subject of special interest. Various scientific paradigms, trends and methods of stylistics and literary studies have been developed and explored in the works by such prominent scholars of pre-soviet, soviet and post-soviet linguistic schools as Larin B.A. , Peshkovsky A. M. , Polivanov E. D. , Scherba L. V. , Galperin I. R. , Akhmanova O. S. , Arnold I. V. , Skrebnev Yu. M. , Golovin B. N. , Kukharenko V. A. , Morohovsky O. M. and many others. â€Å"Thus the term â€Å"stylistics† is not old but the discipline originated from ancient Greek and Roman poetics and rhetoric. Modern poetics is a discipline concerned with the structural forms of literary art, both poetic and prosaic, and its crucial problem is: what turns a verbal message into a work of art† [10, p. 3].The term â€Å"stylistics† became associated with detailed linguistic criticism because, at the time it developed, the study of authorial style was a major critical concern, and linguistic analysis, allied to statistics, was popular with the more linguistically inclined critics. According to some modern scholars, it is now moved away from the study of style and towards the study of how meanings and effects are produced by literary texts. Nowadays by stylistics the modern British linguist Henry Widdowson means â€Å"the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orie ntation, i. . stylistics is an area of mediation between the two disciplines, the two subjects: language and literature† [18, p. 43]. In R. de Beaugrande’s words, â€Å"stylistics applies linguistics to literature† [2, p. 18]. So, the object of stylistic analysis is language represented in literary texts. Stylistic analysis is a part of literary studies, of any adequate linguistic description. It is practiced as a means of understanding the possible meanings in a text as well as finding out the individual properties of concrete texts or text types. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent StaplesIts ultimate aim is to clarify the message of the author’s work through careful observation and consistent description of language phenomena in the text under study. Done at the junction of linguistic and literary analysis the work is concerned with a number of problems of the poems interpretation, stylistic, linguistic and literary analysis. Although considerable amount of research has been devoted to the problem of the stylistic analysis few attempts have been made to investigate aspects such as structural-semantic parameters of he given poems, lexical and syntactic expressive means, some stylistic devices which are used in these poems. This defines the actuality of the work and its theoretical value. The objective of the paper is to examine the linguistic, stylistic, lexical and syntactic nature of poems, types of expressive means on the different levels of language and their informational significance. Th e given aim predetermines the concrete tasks of the research. The thesis will cover the following research tasks: 1) to analyse such poems as â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H.Lawrence, â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction ) by H. W. Longfellow, â€Å" My Heart’s in the Highlands† by R. Burns, â€Å"Young and Old† by Ch. Kingsley, and â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by B. Googe; 2) to point out various types of syntactic and lexical-syntactic stylistic devices in them; 3) to dwell upon their structural, logical-semantic peculiarities and functions; 4) to determine the structural, semantic types of metaphors, metonymies, epithets and similes; 5) to lay emphasis on the great number of themes developed in poems; 6) to give general characteristics of poetic methods of D.H. Lawrence, H. W. Longfellow, R. Burns, Ch. Kingsley, B. Googe. 7) to provide detailed analysis of the stylistic devices employed by the poets in their verses; 8) to give the c lose observation of the meanings of separate words and word combinations as well as of the significations of the various sentences and supra-phrasal units. So, the object of the paper is poetry by above mentioned poets. The subject is the main themes and stylistic peculiarities of these poems.The materials and theoretical basis for the given course paper were chosen among the research works of the established literary critics and biographers, who studied the life and the distinctive features of poets’ legacy. Special attention was paid to the book by Thomas Crawford â€Å"Burns. A study of the Poems and Songs†, Arvin Newton â€Å" Longfellow:His Life and Work† and other related works. The methodic base on the work became the works of Galperin I. R. , Kucharenko V. A. , Lototska K. materials from the Internet, different types of dictionaries, World Book Encyclopedia. In accordance with the purpose and tasks of the paper the following methods of investigation were used: words definitions analysis, contextual and systematic analysis of the poems, interpretational and stylistic analysis of the rhetorical figures for revealing the informational value of expressive means. The topicality of the research paper is determined by the necessity of systematic and resumptive comprehension of the notion â€Å"stylistic analysis†.The scientific novelty of the work consists in the fact that we will provide with the thorough analysis of poems on taxonomic, content-grasping, semantic, stylistic and functional stages of investigation. Besides, we will try to investigate the use of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition in such poems as â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H. Lawrence and â€Å"Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction) by H. W. Longfellow.From the theoretical point of view, this work presents the comprehensive study of lexical, syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices that makes it possible to reveal its lingvo- s tylistic and functional features. So, the theoretical value of the given research paper is based on analysis of poets’ verses which promote the further development of fundamental principles of the theory of poetry. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the results of the investigation can be used in the courses of lectures in stylistics, seminars in style and text interpretation and also can be useful for practical courses of English language.The course paper consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion and list of references. The introduction explains the topicality of the research paper, underlines its theoretical and practical value and identifies the theme, aim, tasks, object, subject, methods of investigation of the work. The first chapter deals with the stylistic peculiarities of D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow’s poetry. Mainly it is focused on the polysemantic aspect and lingvo-stylistic potential of such poems as â€Å"Donâ€℠¢ts† and â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction).The second chapter is dedicated to the detailed analysis of poem by Robert Burns which is called â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†. It involves investigation of the style, expressive means, syntax of the given poem. The third chapter is concerned with two poems: â€Å"Young and Old† by Ch. Kingsley and â€Å" Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by B. Googe. Considerable emphasis is put on the lexical, syntactic expressive means and the stylistic devices at different levels. To illustrate the use of rhetorical figures these poems are analysed, considering theoretical issues of modern Stylistics. Chapter 1 Stylistic peculiarities of D.H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow’s poetry 1. 1. The use of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition in poems by D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow. The poem â€Å"Don’ts† which is under consideration was written by David Herbert Ri chards Lawrence ? an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter. Although best known for his novels, D. H. Lawrence wrote almost 800 poems. His early works clearly place him in the school of Georgian poets. What typified the entire movement, and Lawrence’s poems of the time, were well-worn poetic tropes and deliberately archaic language.He wrote in a very free verse form, unbounded by traditional structures. Much of his work deals with issue of the working classes, relationships between men, women and the natural world. D. H. Lawrence was especially fond of writing about animals, flowers, and other aspects of nature ? usually in a deeply symbolic manner. His poetry collections include â€Å"Love Poems and others† (1913), â€Å"Amores† (1916), â€Å"Look! We have come through† (1917), â€Å"Birds, Beasts and Flowers† (1923), â€Å"The Collected Poems of D. H. Lawrence† (1928), â€Å"The Complete Poems of D. H.L awrence† (1964), edited by Viviande Sola Pinto and F. Warren Roberts and many others. The poem â€Å"Don’ts† is devoted to the author’s instructions, pieces of advice given to a little boy. The basic theme is the protest against narrow-minded, philistine morality, ideals and hypocrisy. This theme manifests itself in some peculiar word usage which imitates adult’s word usage in the conversation with children. The author foresees the insincere, artificial exhortation which a young boy is going to hear from mealy-mouthed adults who demand from him to be well-behaved boy. They require that a boy ry to â€Å"be a good little boy being as good as you can† [6, p. 375]. However, D. H. Lawrence insistently recommends not to listen to these pieces of advice, not to be that humble good child whom sanctimonious persons want to see. The author admonishes him to fight and to be a courageous man. The tone of the poem is moralizing and contrast between the s ignificance of theme and parodic infantility of vocabulary creates acute satirical effect. D. H. Lawrence in his poem â€Å"Don’ts† uses â€Å"polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition and this approximates by its stylistic function to casuistry.It occurs in reference to the adjective â€Å"little† which is used here in various variants with different connotations, furthermore, in some connotations it suppresses greatly the denotative components of meaning. That is why the notion of metre is completely insignificant. Due to the fact that repetition along with parodic usage of unceremonious-informal style, especially baby-talk, are the key stylistic devices with which we should start analysis of the given poem. They are diverse by nature.Alongside with a simple repetition of two or more absolutely identical components: mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed new repetition with some variation is introduced. Such repetition i s, for example, greedy-mouthed as against mealy-mouthed. Similarity between mealy-mouthed and greedy-mouthed at the same time make them be compared, however difference between them supplements the characteristic of the â€Å"sly†, â€Å"every old lout†. Guite effective is partial repetition: â€Å"earning your living while your life is lost† [6, p. 375], where morphological closeness only sharper shades that living and life are not the same. (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) [22, p. 126-127]. In some cases repetition also can not collocate with the usage of polysemanticism. Then its function is intensifying or emotional or even intensifying-emotional as it is in the first two lines: Fight your little fight, my boy, Fight and be a man. [6, p. 375] Semantics variations in the repetition are very interesting for the theme of the given paragraph, i. e. the usage of different lexical-semantic variants which are included in the semantic structure of one and th e same word.Due to the parallel usage of the word in one context, these semantic variations accentuate differences in connotations. The word â€Å"little† is used in the given poem in two various lexical-semantic variants with antithetical connotations. In such phrases as â€Å"good little, good little boy†, â€Å"dear little girl†, â€Å"dear little home† the word little has one meaning and in such phrases as â€Å"little fight†, â€Å"let in a little air†, â€Å"a little hole in the holy prison†, â€Å" your own little bit†, â€Å"your own little cry† another meaning. â€Å"The usage of the word â€Å"little† here is guite difficult.First of all, there is need to resort to a dictionary to find out what in general is observed in the language. In the direct meaning â€Å"little† signifies the small size and is synonymic with neutral word small. In the informal style of speech this objective-logical meaning is strongly suppressed by its emotional meaning. So, little expresses sympathy, tenderness, compassion and is equivalent to affectionate diminutive suffixes of the Ukrainian language. Exactly this meaning forms the basis of the stylistic connotation of the first group of examples†. (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) [22, p. 127].It is interesting that compatibility of the word â€Å"little† in this meaning with the following adjectives â€Å"dear† and â€Å"nice† is characteristic for informal speech, especially for the speech used in conversations with children. For instance, a dear little cottage, a dear little boy, a dear little kitten, a nice little wife and etc. Frequent usage of the word â€Å"little† sounds like affectation in the same way as in the conversational speech the misuse of diminutive suffixes creates an impression of insincere baby-talk. The stereotypy of those combinations used in not characteristic of direct speech shows their pretence, falsity and insincerity.The poet mocks those people who will tempt a young boy by dreams about bourgeois welfare. It is worth to be noticed that the word â€Å"little† can be used ironically, for example, one of my little ideas and even with the tone of sarcasm: â€Å"so that’s your little plan, is it! † [22, p. 375]. Since in the semantic structure of the word â€Å"little†, is included the meaning which is synonymic to the adjectives: unimportant, mean, paltry, so this estimation is introduced in the implication of the poem and in combination with an absurd repetition makes it grotesque.It also destroys sweetness of promises about family happiness and comfort which are waiting for a good boy. The second group of examples ? â€Å"let in a little air†, â€Å" fight your little fight† etc. ? belongs to the author’s direct speech. A reader can not find here any irony, the direct meaning of a metrical rhythm is preserved . The repetition underlines the idea that even modest results of everyone’s fight for ability to breathe in â€Å"the hole prison† easier are valuable and necessary for common good. In such way this poem acquires acute social orientation.At the same time the contrast between lexical meanings of two lexical-semantic variants of one and the same word plays an important role as well. In the examined case the comparison of two variants of one and the same word occurs syntagmatically, i. e. both variants are in the text: little synonymic to affectionate diminutive suffix and little with the meaning of dimension or significance. The second type of comparison between direct and figurative meaning occurs in the following metaphors : â€Å"don’t be beholden to the herd inside the pen†, â€Å"money sty†, â€Å" holy prison†.The first metaphor is the metaphor in which in the text only one member of comparison is represented, i. e. only figurative meani ng where people are resigned to their fate, to the institutionalization of D. H. Lawrence surrounding world. Those people are called â€Å" ? †. Another metaphors ? â€Å"money sty† and â€Å"holy prison† ? show that this institutionalization is called â€Å"† and â€Å"†. Alongside with many other stylistic devices these metaphors express very clearly the author’s attitude towards reality. Repetition can perform several functions simultaneously. In â€Å"Song of Hiawatha† by H. W.Longfellow repetition creates folk colour, song rhythm and underlines interrelation of separate images combining them in one common picture: Should you ask me, whence these stories? Whence these legends and traditions, With the odors of the forest With the dew and damp of meadows, With the curling smoke of wigwams, With the rushing of great rivers, With their frequent repetitions, And their wild reverberations As of thunder in the mountains? I should answer, I should tell you, â€Å"From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs,From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands Where the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, Feeds among the reeds and rushes. I repeat them as I heard them From the lips of Nawadaha, The musician, the sweet singer. † Should you ask where Nawadaha Found these songs so wild and wayward, Found these legends and traditions, I should answer, I should tell you, â€Å"In the bird's-nests of the forest, In the lodges of the beaver, In the hoofprint of the bison, In the eyry of the eagle! [8, p. 9-10] In these first stanzas of â€Å"Song of Hiawatha† a reader encounters with the convergence of stylistic devices and in the first place with repetitions.This convergence puts him in the genre of lyrical epic stylized in a spirit of indian national-poetical creativity. Repetition adds rhythmical and song colour to the tale and integrates the enumeration of elements concerning the nature of the land. It is interesting that frequent repetitions are mentioned intentionally and are explained by the author as borrowing from the indian singer Nawadaha. D. H. Lawrence explains the emergence of repetitions in the songs of Nawadaha as the influence of the surrounding nature ? â€Å"reverbarations/ As of thunder in the mountains† [8, p. ]. â€Å"Various kinds of repetition can be an important means of connections inside the text. Connection by means of pronouns has more specific meaning. In the given example connection is accomplished by anaphoric repetition of such pronouns as â€Å"with†, â€Å"from† and â€Å"in† together with parallel constructions and some other kinds of repetitions. † (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) [22, p. 185]. Alongside with lexical synonymic repetition: â€Å"stories-legends†, â€Å"moors-fenlands† here is represented purely syntactical repe tition in the form of homogeneous parts of the sentence.To be more precise, lexical synonymical repetition is like the extension of syntactical repetition. The poem by H. W. Longfellow is called a song. However, the word song is polysemantic and the meaning implied by the author is explained by three homogeneous nouns: stories, legends and traditions. The homogeneous parts of the sentence specify and details the content of the author’s opinion. The type of legends and traditions mentioned in the song is explained by a set of prepositional phrases which starts with the preposition â€Å"with†.The indirect question with the word â€Å"whence† makes us think about the sources of the song. The answer to this question is a set of similar by its syntactic function parallel constructions with anaphoric preposition â€Å"from†. Inside this syntactic convergence is the convergence of single-word components: â€Å"the forests and the prairies†, â€Å"from t he mountains, moors and fenlands† [8, p. 9]. So, the usage of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition is very important for the right understanding of the poem’s content. 1. 2. Lingvo-stylistic potential of D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Don’ts† Stylistic devices and expressive means are very significant for complete understsnding and perception of the whole artistic colouring of a poem. That is why it is worth to consider some other stylistic devices in these two poems: â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H. Lawrence and â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction) by H. W. Longfellow. In the poem â€Å"Don’ts† the author imposes upon the reader his personal attitude towards a young boy and people who surrounds that boy. The repetition brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance.There are many types of repetition in this poem. The first and the most vivid example is â€Å"Fight your little fight†. It is morphemi c repetition which â€Å"is a variety of polyptoton, a figure based on the repetition of two or more words of the same stem (but belonging to different parts of speech or word classes within the same part of speech) † [9, p. 132]. Also the poem is full of lexical repetitions, especially successive or juxtaposed: a good little, a good ittle, mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, dear little, dear little, don’t drink, don’t drink.Apart from successive, there is ordinary repetitions of the word â€Å"dear† in the collocation with different nouns: girl, mother, home and the repetition of the word â€Å"hit-hit† which is invented by the author. The most interesting and effective is the repetition in strong positions ? lexical anaphora which in this poem is represented by the word â€Å"don’t†: Don’t be sucked in by the su-superior, don’t swallow the culture bait, don’t drink, don’t drink and get beerier and beerier†¦ [6, p. 375] To grasp and hold the reader’s interest the author uses a number of epithets.Semantically they are classified into two major groups: 1) Without the violation of semantic agreement: a good little boy, dear little girl, dear old mother, dear little home, little fresh air, own little try, comfortable feeling, culture bait. All these epithets, apart from the last two, structurally are pair epithets. The last one is a word-epithet or simple. Also they all belong to explanatory epithets because they indicate an important features of the defined object. 2) With the violation of semantic agreement to the metaphoric epithets belong mealy-mouthed cowardice, golden opinions, sweet joys, dull death.Structurally they are word epithets. A significant metaphor is used in this poem: don’t swallow the culture bait. This is verb metaphor, where bait is tenor and the vehicle is food which is only implied by a reader. According to the structu re this metaphor is simple. D. H. Lawrence by this stylistic device wants to say that a little boy does not believe the words of other people. One more special variety of metaphor is allusion. D. H. Lawrence resorts to allusion in the last line of the poem ? â€Å"the risen Christ should be risen†. The author makes reference to the Bible, to the religious theme.Concerning the vocabulary of the poem it is quite neutral, although some peculiar, special words occur. For example, the word â€Å"lout†. The origin of this word is uncertain and it has some stylistic colouring. The Oxford Dictionary gives the following definition: an uncouth and aggressive man or boy. Another interesting word is â€Å"suck in† which is slang and means â€Å" to deceive†. The author also creates a new word ? â€Å"hit-hit† which is repeated twice. This stanzaic poem with the cross rhyme is one of the D. H. Lawrence’s masterpieces. 1. 3. The main stylistic-semantic fe atures of H.W. Longfellow’s poem â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction) â€Å"Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-1882) was the most widely published and most famous American poet of the 1800’s. His reputation among critics declined sharply after his death, and he had much less influence on modern poetry than such other poets of his day as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. However, many of his poems remain among the most familiar in American literature. Longfellow’s best-known longer works include â€Å"Evangeline†, â€Å"the Song of Hiawatha†, and â€Å"The Courtship of Miles Standish†.Among his popular shorter poems are â€Å"The Village Blacksmith†, â€Å"The Children’s Hour†, â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†, â€Å"The Wreck of the Hesperus†, and â€Å"Excelsior†. Longfellow’s works achieved great popularity in Europe as well as in the United States. He was the first American wri ter to be honored in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. † [15, p. 448] â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† is regarded as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s greatest, most characteristic, and most original epic poem. Intentionally epic in scope, it was described by its author as â€Å"this Indian Edda†.It is, from beginning to end, a metrical version of legends originating with the Algonquin family of Indians. H. W. Longfellow had taken an interest in Indians from early youth, and early formed a plan to commemorate their legends in his verse. From Schoolcraft he obtained nearly all the material utilized in the cycle he named â€Å"Hiawatha†. Originally his intension was to group the legends about the mythical personality of the Algonquin deity ? Manabozho. The poet’s imagination has invested his hero with much of the character of the strong man who bound together the most compact and efficient league of Indian tribes. The Song of Hiaw atha† was begun on June 25, 1854, and its 5,314 lines were concluded on March 29, 1855. Its meter, derived from that of the great Finnish epic, the Kalevala, consists of eight-syllabled lines, with stresses falling on the first, third, fifth and seventh syllables. Octosyllabic verse, whether trochaic, as here, or iambic, as in Scott’s â€Å"Lays of the Last Minstrel†, is by far the easiest of all measures to write; and the fact that â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† is unrhymed made the American’s task greatly easier than that of the Scotchman. H. W.Longfellow left a careful pronouncing vocabulary of all the proper names used from the Indian languages in his poem. These show an almost bewildering confusion of vowels, some having the quality of French, some that of English. The name of the titular hero himself is to be pronounced as if spelled hee-ah-wah? -tha, though the French transliteration made it Haye? nwatha, with the accent on the second syllable. The proper names throughout are used with the rarest skill, both to give melody and variety to the verse and to lend it that more subtle quality known as atmosphere.The main character appears in the tales of Indians under various names. He endowed with many fine features and embodied the idea of overcoming every kind of discord, rejection of strife and wars in the name of labor peace on generous ground. H. W. Longfellow is rich in some special vocabulary or different realities: geographical, ethnographic, religious, mystical. Geographical realities mainly include the names of settlements, their location, characteristics of plant and wildlife and natural conditions. Using a large number of realities, indicating the birds, animals and insects, H. W.Longfellow was trying to show the diversity of nature and its inhabitants. He mentions such birds as â€Å"Shuh, shuh-gah, the heron†, â€Å"Chetowaik, the plover†, â€Å"Mahng, the loon†, â€Å"the wild-goose, Wawaâ⠂¬ , â€Å"the grouse the Mushkodasa†[8, p. 9-10]. Another special vocabulary concerns the names of nations, since each nation has evolved a way of life and culture that initially led them to division into different clans: Ojibways, Dacotahs, Hurons and others. Several times the author refers to â€Å"the vale of Tawasentha†[8, p. 10]. the word â€Å"vale† according to Oxford American Dictionary is a poetic term for a valley.In the introduction a reader can also meet an archaic word â€Å"ye† which according to Collins Cobuild Dictionary means â€Å"an old-fashioned, poetic, or religious word for you when you are talking to more than one person†. Concerning the stylistic devices, repetition is one of the most frequent stylistic means in Longfellow’s poem. In the poem it can be founded on all levels of language, but the most frequent used is lexical anaphora: â€Å"With the odors of the forest With the dew and damp of meadows, With the curl ing smoke of wigwams, With the rushing of great rivers,With their frequent repetitions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [8, p. 9] or â€Å"From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs, From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands †¦Ã¢â‚¬  [8, p. 9] and some others starting with prepositions â€Å"from†, â€Å"and†, â€Å"by†. These lines also can be characterized as parallel anaphoric syntactic constructions. Apart from lexical anaphora, the author uses distant repetition of such hrases as â€Å"pleasant water-courses†, â€Å"to this Song of Hiawatha†, morphemic repetition ? â€Å"Sang the Song† [8, p. 11] ? which belongs to root repetition. Affixational repetition in the line â€Å"There are longings, yearnings, strivings† brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance. In the same time, this line is a nice example of gradation, the type of gradation ? climax. Its function is to give a vivid emotional-evaluative characteristic of the phenomenon described. One more instance of gradation: â€Å"how he lived, and toiled, and suffered† only gives some additional emotive effect.Antonymous syntactic parallel constructions: â€Å"Should you ask me†, â€Å"I should answer† form antithesis. A very nice lexical-syntactic stylistic device used in the poem is simile : And the thunder in the mountains, Whose innumerable echoes Flap like eagles in their eyries†¦ [8, p. 11] It describes the nature of the valley, the weather in the mountains and this description trough using simile gives a reader the clear picture of that locality.The poem is rich in epithets among which it is worth to mention such as â€Å"songs so wild and wayward†(a pair metaphoric epithet), â€Å"melancholy marshes†(simple metaphoric), â€Å"green and silent valley†(the first is tautological, the second is metaphoric, structurally it is a pair epithet), â€Å"singing pine-trees†(simple, metaphoric), â€Å"wondrous birth†(simple emotive proper or affective epithet) and some others. However, the above mentioned epithets in the best way to convey the mood, feeling and emotions of the poem.The excessive use of repetition have made â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† the most parodied poem in the English language, spawning more than a thousand variations, some of them as long as the original. Despite the flaws of critics, caused by H. W. Longfellow’s choice to mimic the solemn, unrhymed tetrameter of the Finns’ Kalevala, â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† is still widely accepted as a significant nineteenth-century American poem. Chapter 2 Romantic and lyrical figure of Robert Burns 2. 1. General stylistic features of R. Burns’s â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands† Robert Burns was one of the great poets of the eighteens century and the only great poet ever to emerge from th e British peasant class†[11,p. 23]. According to Merrian-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, R. Burns was â€Å"national poet of Scotland who wrote lyrics and songs in the Scottish dialect†[12, p. 187]. John Anderson mentions that â€Å"most of Robert Burns’s poetry is written in Scotch brogue. The poet used dialect deliberately. It was not that he knew no better. You will notice that when it pleased him, he could turn out stanzas in pure English as polished and smooth as those of any classic poet†[13, p. 36]. â€Å"Burns was interested in authentic folk songs. He collected about 300 original and traditional Scottish songs for books compiled in his day, including The Scots Musical Museum (1787). Burns wrote many poems to be sung to Scottish folk tunes†[14, p. 716]. He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism, and a cultural icon in Scotland and among the Scottish Diaspora around the world.His poem â€Å"Auld Lang Syne† is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and â€Å"Scots Wha Hae† served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country. Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world today include â€Å"A Red, Red Rose†, â€Å"A Man’s a Man for A’That†, â€Å"To a Louse†, â€Å"To a Mouse†, â€Å"The Battle of Sherramuir†, â€Å"Tam o’Shanter†, and â€Å"Ae Fond Kiss†. However, the poem which we are going to analyse is called â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†. The title of this poem tells us quite a bit.The poet identifies a place that is important to him, and the word â€Å"heart† indicates a strong emotional attachment to the Highlands. The poem is lyric, in fact, a song, and the musical language expresses the emotions of the speaker. In this poem we can assume that the speaker and the poet are the same. It is a poem about Robert Burns leaving his home, the Highlands. He looks back on his life to remember all of the good times he had there. This shows love for a place, the Highlands of Scotland and proves that R. Burns was homesick. Concerning the poetical form, R.Burns wrote four-line stanzas, called quatrains, with a very simple aabbccdd rhyme scheme. The metrical pattern includes an opening iambus followed by two dactyl feet and ends with an accented syllable. Since the dactyl feet prevail, the poem is written in dactylic tetrameter. Poets often vary the meter and feet slightly to avoid a work that sounds like a metronome. This poem has strong visual elements. R. Burns writes about the â€Å"wild deer†, â€Å"green valleys†, and â€Å"wild-hanging woods†. In addition, there is an aural image in the line â€Å"Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods†[1, p. 54]. These images convey the poet’s love for the region, a love that the audience recognizes. Thus, the sensory images elicit an emotional response. R. Burns uses repetition to great effect. Not only does he repeat the first stanza as the last, which is called in stylistics lexical framing, he also repeats words: â€Å"Wherever I†, â€Å"farewell to the†. [1, p. 254]. In the third stanza the author uses repetition in strong position ? lexical anaphora: â€Å"Farewell to the mountains high cover'd with snow; Farewell to the straths and green valleys below;Farewell to the forrests and wild-hanging woods; Farwell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. † [1, p. 254] By using repetition, the poet makes â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands† sound like a song. R. Burns also uses the devices to emphasize his ideas. The word â€Å"Highlands† is repeated eight times, and â€Å"Farewell† is repeated six times. The most repeated phrase â€Å"My Heart’s in t he Highlands† contains the most important idea in the poem. At the same time it is a very nice noun metaphor (T ? Heart, V ? implied by the author: human body or even the author himself).According to the degree of unexpectedness, it is genuine metaphor which evokes images and suggests some associations, reveals the author’s emotional attitude towards the described place. Repetition creates an emotional response because the reader must acknowledge the importance of the poet’s attachment to the place. Similarly, the poet uses parallelism, the repetition of the same grammatical form structure, to convey his message and elicit an emotional response: â€Å"Chasing the wild deer, and following the roe†, â€Å"Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North†, â€Å"Wherever I wander, wherever I love†[1, p. 54]. The whole third stanza also serves as an example of parallelism. All these repetitions add the feeling of homesickness and nostalgia in the poem. The opposition in this poem is between â€Å"the Highlands† and â€Å"here†. This opposition in stylistics is called antithesis. Since a reader do not know what kind of place â€Å"here† is, we imagine that it is quite the opposite of the Highlands. This establishes the sense of sadness, the sense of feeling out of place that most people felt at some time. A significant stylistic device is periphrasis : â€Å"the birth-place of Valour, the country of Worth†.The author in such way gives proper names to his Highlands. He wants to emphasize that his country is very beautiful and he will miss it. Usage of epithets enriches the aesthetic perception of the poem. In the poem we can find such epithets as â€Å"wild-hanging woods† which is compound structurally and metaphorical semantically; â€Å"loud-pouring floods† also compound metaphorical epithet. â€Å"Wild deer†, â€Å"green vallies† are examples of simple tautological ep ithets. R. Burns also resorts to using a Scottish dialect. He mentions the word â€Å"Straths† which means a broad mountain valley. John Anderson writes about R.Burns: â€Å"Burns used dialect because ? however well educated a Scotsman may be ? when he is with those he loves and trusts, he drops naturally into brogue. It is cozy, familiar speech of the home†¦Burns, writing for his neighbors and cronies, uses the daily speech, homelike and comfortable as their old clothes†[13, p. 336]. 2. 2. The style in â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands† In the poem â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†, the reflectively longing and lyrical tones reflect an inner feeling of yearning for the Highlands and a love for the land that liberates those who have been exposed to it.The narrator consistently reminisces about his memories of the Highlands and as he does so, he explains these feelings in a rhythmic and melodic fashion. The feelings that the narrator ex hibits reflect the natural tendency of humans to maintain a connection with their original homeland. The poem’s diction emphasizes the liberation that the Highlands provide and the narrator’s feelings pertaining to his deep affection toward the Highlands. As the narrator â€Å"wander[s]† throughout the Highlands, he ventures to places as widespread as â€Å"mountains covered in snow† where he [â€Å"chases†] wild deer.The Highlands are a place where one experiences freedom as evidence by how expansive they appear. The lack of bothersome interaction and the presence of wide-open spaces allow the narrator to maintain a sense of no restrictions. As the Highlands, or the â€Å"birthplace of valor†, are described, it is evident that the narrator is â€Å"forever [in] love† with them, and that memories of the Highlands are with him â€Å"wherever† the narrator travels. The Highlands symbolize bold strength that has stuck with the nar rator throughout his life.This results in the narrator feeling a close bond with the Highlands. Along with the diction, the point of view allows for observation of the various tones. The first-person point of view reinforces the feelings of wistfulness and release that the poem conveys. The narrator says â€Å"my Heart is not here† in order to convey the fact that he longs to be in â€Å"[his] contry of Worth†, or the Highlands. There is a sense of immediacy as the narrator describes his experiences roaming throughout the hills and vallyes, and his longing is directly conveyed through the first-person point of view.It is clear that, as the Highlands are described, the narrator would rather be there than anywhere else, and the first-person point of view is beneficial in conveying this. The narrator says that he will think of the Highlands â€Å"wherever I wander,† since he claims that â€Å"my heart’s in the Highlands, where’er I go. † The na rrator is not able to let go of his thoughts and feelings about the Highlands when he is not there. This reflects the strong feelings that the narrator has for the Highlands and how he feels incomplete without their presence. Other things, such as the syntax, serve to provide a deeper meaning for the poem.The syntax in the poem moves from short phrases separated by commas, to a rhythmic and repetitive farewell, and finally to a structure that parallels the opening. Initially, the text is very ephemeral, and there is almost no defined rhythm associated with it. The narrator is incredibly attached to the Highlands, and his thoughts seem almost unfocused as he continually thinks about and longs for the Highlands. This reflects how detached the narrator is to his current life and how he would rather be somewhere where he can live with no restrictions. In the middle, the poem gains a defined rhythm, and repetition occurs.The narrator repetitively says goodbye to the Highlands, and during this farewell, he drifts off into somewhat of a euphoric daydream. His thoughts flow freely and in a distinct rhythm. This free-thinking coincides with the freedom that the narrator feels when he is in the Highlands. In the end, the text returns to the brief and disjointed format that it begins with. The narrator realizes that he is not physically at the Highlands, and he resumes wishing that he was. The end reflects a snap back to reality that occurs as the narrator finishes his imaginative farewell.Once again, the broken-up text reflects the uneasiness that the narrator has with his current life. While the syntax serves to provide the poem with a deeper meaning, the imagery and detail expound upon the meaning is evident on the surface of the text. The poem’s imagery and detail reflect both the physical characteristics that make the Highlands such a special area and the deep emotional love that the narrator has for them. The Highlands are very expansive areas that span from â€Å"mountains high covered with snow† to the â€Å"green valleys below,† and the narrator feels a connection with these areas as he â€Å"a-chas[es] the deer† across the hills.The narrator feels free in an environment as widespread as this. Because of this freedom, he reaches a comfort level that is unmatched in any other respect; he even feels comfortable enough to chase wild deer across the hills. The narrator’s passion for â€Å"the country of Worth† is evidenced by the fact that his â€Å"heart is not here. † His strong love for the Highlands makes it seem as though no other land can be compared to them. In fact, he cannot devote his unyielding love to anything other than the Highlands because no love that he has ever experienced has been as strong as his love for the Highlands.The imagery, syntax, point-of-view, and diction each reflect the two original tones of the poem. Because they demonstrate that the poem exhibits a reflective l onging for the past and that the text is lyrical and expressive of feelings, the styles of writing that the poem exhibits are very effective. As in A Dictionary of English Literature is said: â€Å"Burns is important because he deserted the artificial tradition of eighteenth-century poetry, replacing poetic diction with the pungent vernacular, false sentiment with true tenderness, sharms with realities. He taught the Romantics, in Wordsworth’s words: How Verse may build a princely throne On humble truth. † To the world at large he is merely a singer of timeless song†[19, p. 45]. Chapter 3 Lexical, syntactic, expressive means and stylistic devices in: 3. 1. â€Å"Young and Old† by Charles Kingsley As The Encyclopedia Americana informs:â€Å"Charles Kingsley (1819-1875) was English clergyman, author, and teacher and a leader in social and economic reform movements†¦A founder of the Christian Socialist movement, he was an active supporter of the British working-class movement known as Chartism, as is demonstrated in his early novels ?Yeast (his first novel, originally published in Fraser’s Magazine in 1848) and the powerful Alton Locke (1850). Openly didactic, they were meant to educate the upper classes in their social responsibilities. Ch. Kingsley is best known for his later novels, which include historical romances and children’s stories. Perhaps the most popular novels were Hypatia (1853) and Westward Ho! (1855)†¦Among his works for children in The Water-Babies (1863), a fairy tale based on natural history† [16, p. 420]. Our task is to analyze one of the poems by Ch. Kingsley â€Å"Young and Old†.This poem originally appeared as a song sung by a character in the Reverend’s book entitled â€Å"The Water-Babies†. Before we get into the specifics of symbols I would like to dwell upon the meter and rhyme scheme. This poem is written in an altered iambic trimester. The alteration is ve ry slight: a substitution of a single tribrachin place of the last iambic meter of every odd line. The simple rhyme scheme ababcdcdefefghgh contributes to the easiness of the song and prevents the subject from feeling overly forced by use of other unnecessarily more intricate schemes.This poem is about the dissimilarities of youth and old age. There is a certain sentimental connotation to be further explored, but the basis of the poem is rooted in the differences. In the first stanza the author addresses youth. A spry horse to carry along the boot, and the idea that â€Å"every dog [has] his day† paired alongside the comments of a young world and queenly lasses provide us with a clear idea that the topic we broach is that of youth. The line â€Å"young blood must have its course, lad, and every dog his day† come across as a call to action, demanding perhaps as busier and more productive youth.Additionally, we are treated to a slue of natural imagery in the form of gree n trees, geese, swans, the horse etc. The allusion to a simple, natural order is a compelling one. This is continued in the second stanza, though the trees are marked as being brown, the sport of the previously accelerated and youthful life has gone stale, the cart wheels are run down, and the lad is forced to â€Å"creep home† and take his place among the â€Å"spent† and â€Å"maimed† occupants. The final lines provide the wish that, God willing, you are alongside the one that you love.The poem â€Å"Young and Old† is full of many kinds of stylistic devices. The main stylistic device used in the text under analysis is antithesis: â€Å"When all the world is young, lad/ When all the world is old, lad†[5, p. 334]. The whole poem is written by means of parallel constuctions: â€Å" And all the trees are green; And every goose a swan, lad, And every lass a queen;† [5, p. 334] The quatation above mentioned also is a vivid example of repetition in strong positions, namely lexical anaphora. Another example containing anaphora: â€Å"And all the trees are brown; And all the sport is stale, lad,And all the wheels run down†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [5, p. 334] Apart from lexical anaphora, there is also lexical epistrophe. In every two stanzas the word â€Å"lad† is repeated. A very significant stylistic device used by Ch. Kingsley is ellipsis or apokoinu: â€Å"And all the trees are green, And every goose [is] a swan, lad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [5, p. 334] In the second stanza predicate is omitted but it is implied by the author. I can point out another instance of an ellipsis: â€Å"Young blood must have its course, lad And every [must have] dog his day† [5, p. 334] Concerning metaphors, they are not so numerous.However, the poem contains two structurally very similar metaphors: â€Å"When all the world(T) is young(V)† and â€Å"When all the world(T) is old(V)†. They are, in my opinion, personal metaphor, i. e. perso nification. Here world obtains the characteristics of human. It can be young or become old. Also these two lines are, to some extent, hyperbolized by usage of the word â€Å"all†. This poem was analyzed by T. Hoagwood. He shows that it is impossible for the song to be fully understood when first encountered in The Water-Babies. It is only later in the story that we recognize that the song is the old dame’s lament for her son Grimes who left her.The realization at the end of the novel that Grimes is her son â€Å"enables us to revisit the lyric and to revise our understanding of its latent, private, and even secret significance for the grieving old dame†. 3. 2. â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by Barnabe Googe One more poem which we are going to analyze is called â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by Barnabe Googe. According to The Encyclopedia Americana, B. Googe (1540-1594) was â€Å"English poet and translator. Googe’s only original work is Eglogs, Epytaphes and Sonnets, a collection of poems published in 1563. His eclogues are among the earliest examples of English pastoral poetry.He also translated into English some minor contemporary works in Latin prose†[17, p. 742]. As a translator, Googe is noted for his English versions of Marcellus Palingenius's Zodiake of Life (1560) and Conrad Heresbach's Four Books of Husbandry (1577). Googe's reputation, which considerably declined following his death in 1594, has been revived by literary historians who recognize in his work transmissions of both ideas and stylistic practices that would influence such better-known English writers as Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, and John Milton. In â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† B. Googe worked with a proverbial theme.He stacks caesuras in thirteen lines of the eighteen-line poem, all of them more or less in the exact middle. Because of the repetition, these caesuras speed up the lines rather than slowing them down, h ence allowing the lines from which Googe suddenly omits caesural pause ? â€Å"The heavy heart breeds mine unrest†, â€Å"Such pleasures rife shall I obtain/ When distance doth depart us twain† [4, p. 96] ? to gather greater emphasis since, on top of the newly introduced spondees and trochees, they are also made to slow down. This particular poem also demonstrates Googe’s stoical approach to verse as an adequate container for human feeling.He combines a monotonous rhythm and rhyme scheme with a predominantly monosyllabic lines, pithy both in content and length. The author uses in his poem repetition in strong position through the whole poem namely chain-repetition: â€Å"The oftener seen, the more I lust, The more I lust, the more I smart, The mire I smart, the more I trust, The more I trust, the heavier heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [4, p. 96] This repetition brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance. A very interesting device used in the poem is gradation. A reade r can find an emotional climax that expresses the ideas in a descending order of significance: The rarer seen, the les in mind, The less in mind, the lesser pain, The lesser pain, less grief I find, The lesser grief, the greater gain† [4, p. 96] The leading feature of the poem is usage of comparison. I. R. Galperin in his book â€Å"Stylistics† states that â€Å"comparison means weighing two objects belonging to one class of things with the purpose of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference†[3, p. 167]. In â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† we also can observe comparison. It is almost in each line: â€Å"the oftener/ the more†, â€Å"the more/ the heavier†, â€Å"the rarer/ the less†, â€Å"the lesser/the greater†, â€Å"the more/the happier†.A device greatly favoured by the writer is irony: â€Å"Such pleasure rife shall I obtain When distance doth depart us twain† [4, p. 96]. According to Lototska K . â€Å"English Stylistics†: â€Å"Irony (from the Greek â€Å"eironeia†= hidden mockery) is a device based on the interaction of dictionary and contextual meanings standing in opposition†¦Irony is transference by contrast†[9, p. 86]. The last two lines of the poem â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† is the vivid instance of irony. The whole poem is very symbolic. Even the tittle means the idea that if you do not see someone or something frequently, you will forget about it.Barnabe Googe wrote poems in the Native Tradition, a species of plain style. In this relatively early period, accents were heavy, unaccents were light, alliteration survived from old Anglo-Saxon verse, and the subject was usually serious. Conclusion The general purpose of the paper was to investigate stylistic, linguistic, lexical and syntactic peculiarities of five selected poems by different authors, to check earlier observations on the subject of stylistic analysis and to obtain n ew information. This course paper explored the comprehensive study of stylistic devices.Despite the fact that there are many works devoted to the problem under analysis some important aspects such as structural-semantic parameters of the poems and some lexical stylistic devices have not been fully investigated. In this work, to some extent, were used the elements of stylistics under lexico-syntactic patterns and choices, phonological, morphological and graphological devices to analyze such poems as â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H. Lawrence, â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction ) by H. W. Longfellow, â€Å" My Heart’s in the Highlands † by R. Burns, â€Å"Young and Old† by Ch. Kingsley, and â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by B.Googe. The display of stylistics in the poems, their functions and their effects have been the major focus of this research work. To make a striking impression on one’s readers and stir up their emotions, noth ing else could be done to achieve this purpose than employing the right and appropriate use of language. The study revealed that poets made use of various stylistic devices in a way that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentences to secure emphasis and focus the reader’s attention. As can be seen from the data, each poet uses different techniques in his poem.In â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H. Lawrence we can find polysemanticism of the words in combination with repetition, metaphors, epithets, allusion. â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† by H. W. Longfellow is rich in special vocabulary and different realities. The stylistic value of R. Burns’s poem â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands† can not be overestimated. Ch. Kingsley and B. Googe are considered to be masters in usage of stylistic devices. Under the lexico-syntactic choices, the authors use similes, metaphors which are both related to the topic of similarity to give clearness and liv eliness to words.Under the phonological devices, rhyming scheme, consonance, assonance are found and they have been used to reinforce meaning. They also provide tone and musical colour and aid memorality. Different kinds of repetition, which is greatly favoured by the authors, and punctuation marks have been used to play various roles to achieve cohesion in discourse for varying stylistic effects. All of these things found out have worked together in attaining and ensuring effective meaning and communication. The choice of words by the poets also plays a very important role in meaning making.It helps the reader to understand the intention and the message the poets were trying to pass across. The obtained results give a clue to the understanding of stylistic analysis. As the previous researches on the given theme are not numerous, it is difficult to compare the findings of this research paper with the results of other study. In the course of investigation I had solid theoretical base . The inconsistency of data is probably a consequence of the lack of practical material and previous research.The problems associated with stylistic analysis and meaning of various expressive means are far from being solved and require further theoretical and experimental efforts. To sum up, different poets in their poems cultivates various styles and techniques which are worth of being studied. Each poem that was analyzed in this course paper fascinates readers by its stylistic originality. References 1. Burns R. The Poetical Works/R. Burns. ? Moscow:Raduga Publishers, 1982. ? 705p. 2. Beaugrande, R,de. Style and Stylistics [Electronic resource] R. de. Beaugrande/ Mode of access:http://www. beaugrande. bizland. om/proceedings. ? [Last access: 2012, October 25]. ? Title from the screen. 3. Galperin I. R. Stylistic/ I. R. Galperin. ? Moscow:Higher school, 1977. ? 331p. 4. Googe B. Eglogs, epytaphes, and sonettes, 1563 / B. Googe, E. Arber. ? A. Constable and Co. , 1871. ? 128p. 5. Ki ngsley Ch. Poems/ Ch. Kingsley. ? Wildside Press LLC, 2007. ? 428p. 6. Lawrence D. H. The Complete Poems of D. H. Lawrence/ D. H. Lawrence. ? Wordsworth Editions, 1994. ? 352p. 7. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama/ Ed. By X. J. Kennedy and D. Gioia. ? Harper Collins, 1991. ? 3400p. 8. Longfellow H.W. The Song of Hiawatha And Other Poems/ H. W. Longfellow. ? The Reader’s Digest Association Inc. , Pleasantville, N. Y. / Montreal, 1989. ? 350p. 9. Lototska K. English Stylistics/ K. Lototska. ? Lviv: Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Publishing Centre, 2008. ? 253p. 10. Maltzev V. A. An Introduction to Linguistic Poetics. ? : , 1980. ? 240p. 11. McGuirk C. Robert Burns and the Sentimental Era/ C. McGuirk. ? Tuchwell Press, 1985. ? 193p. 12. Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature. ? Springfield, Massachusetts: Merrian-Webster, Incorporated, Publishers, 1995. 1236p. 13. St. Thomas More Series: Prose and Poetry of England/ Ed. By J. L. Mali ne. ? Syracuse, New York: L. W. Singer Company, 1955. ? 750p. 14. The World Book Encyclopedia. ? Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc. ? 2003. ? Vol. 2. ? 760p. 15. The World Book Encyclopedia. ? Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc. ? 2011. ? Vol. 12. ? 538p. 16. The Encyclopedia Americana. ? Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier. ? 2001. ? Vol. 16. ? 798p. 17. The Encyclopedia Americana. ? Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier. ? 2001. ? Vol. 19. ? 922p. 18. Widdowson,H. G. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. ? L: Longman,1975. 128p. 19. A Dictionary of English Literature/ Ed. by Homer A. Walt, William W. Watt. ? New York: Barnes ; Noble, Inc. , 1877. ? 430p. 20. Oxford American Dictionary/ New Oxford American Dictionary/Ed. By John Simpson ; Edmund Weiner. ? Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2005. ? 1008p. 21. Collins Cobuild English Words in Use. / Ed. By J. M. Sinclair. ? London: Longman, 2008. ? 1052p. 22. ?. ?. / ?. ?. . ? :, 1990. ? 304. ———————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. According to Lototska K. English stylistics† tenor is the subject of thought in a trope (in rhetoric it is also called the primum comparandum), and the vehicle is the concept of a thing, person or an abstract notion with which the tenor is compared or identified (the secundum comparatum). Other terminologists distinquish between â€Å"idea† and â€Å"image† or †target† and â€Å"source†. [ 2 ]. Allusion is considered to be a special variety of metaphor by Yu. Skrebnev. Allusion (from Latin â€Å"to mention inderectly†) is a hint, an indirect reference to something presumably known from literature, mythology, history, the Bible. [ 3 ]. According to Lototska K. English Stylistics†: Gradation (Gr. †ascent, climbing up†) is an arrangement of parallel words and statements in an ascending or descending order of importance, intensity,etc. The first, ascending order is known as climax. The opposite arrangement of parallel units, by which the thought â€Å"descends† from higher to lower, is called anticlimax. [ 4 ]. Simile (Latin â€Å"similes†= alike) is an imaginative comparison (also called literary comparison). It consists on an explicit likening of one object (the tenor) to another object (the vehicle) on the basis of some common features/characteristic (the ground).The common scheme is â€Å"A is like B†. [ 5 ]. Wondrous ? it is a poetic or literary word which has meaning of inspiring a feeling of wonder or delight. [ 6 ]. Iambus ? a metrical foot consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable. [ 7 ]. dactyl ? a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables or (in Greek and Latin) one long syllable followed by two short syllables. [ 8 ]. Antithesis ? is an opposition or contrast of ideas usually presented in parallel construct ions ( in phrases within one sentence, or two or more clauses or sentences). [ 9 ]. eriphrasis (Grek â€Å"to speak all round†) is a figure of speech when a longer phrase with descriptive epithets, abstract general terms, etc. , is used istead of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression. [ 10 ]. tautological epithets ? became fixed through long and repeated use, they emphasize one of the primary qualities of the defined. [ 11 ]. tribrach ? is a metrical foot used in formal poetry and Greek and Latin verse. In quantative metre(such as the meter of classical verse), it consists of three short syllables; in accentual-syllabic verse (such as form