Personal Values And Beliefs Theology Religion Essay

Individual Values And Beliefs Theology Religion Essay Qualities: Values depicts, significant faith in life shared by the part in a similar culture about what is acceptable and what isn't. Qualities additionally make effect on a specific people life and goes about as a rule. Contrasted and the extraordinary pioneers, I additionally have some shared qualities, for example, peacefulness, truth, do great and helping poor people, battle against viciousness against ladies, medications and others at the same time, I adhere to my own way of life. It is an alternate worth contrasted and the two heads. Convictions: Beliefs are the standards, propensity, and truth in our brains which are followed in our life for the endurance. Individuals have various convictions in life that are typically passed by our folks and ages. The data source is the degree of conviction. It is additionally set apart as presumptions, which made without anyone else. Contrasted with the incredible pioneers, I included my way of life as my conviction and I am accommodating man and I acknowledge what is given to me by my folks. In any case, Mother Teresa and Gandhi have various convictions. Be that as it may, their perspectives are acceptable. Perspectives: Attitudes are the blend of specific subjects from worth and convictions. Each individuals have various perspectives because of a few reasons. Individual mentalities and qualities are practically comparative and perspectives might be either positive or negative. Contrasting my mentality and pioneers, a portion of the perspectives are normal and some varies. METAPROGRAMS: Metaprograms are channels to recognition. There is a few metaprograms. While contrasting and the metaprogams of the great chiefs referenced previously. My answers are distinctive when contrasting all the metaprogram and the Mother Teresa and Gandhi. Attributes: Traits implies how they connect with the individuals. It additionally implies characteristics or attributes of an individual. There is sure close to home attributes and adverse individual qualities too. Great pioneers have qualities, for example, legitimate, forward looking, smart, etc. Like that I referenced some close to home attributes of the extraordinary pioneers. While contrasting, I have an individual attribute that is thinking before doing. Contrasting and them the main attribute which I have not the same as them. Well the thing that matters is a result of the time this pioneers were available that remains as history. Techniques: Strategies permits us to take a shot at accomplishing our objectives. It is likewise a game plan for the ideal objectives, additionally could be accomplishment of objectives or answer for an issue. The individual methodology shifts as indicated by their tendency. Here the two chiefs have various techniques and my systems are likewise not the same as them. However, some great chiefs have some basic individual systems moreover. End: To close, that above I analyzed my qualities, convictions, etc with the pioneers. I examinations the each piece of the two heads are diverse as indicated by their character and those pioneer have realized changes in numerous people groups life and battled for them. PART B : Personal Development Plan (PDP) 1) What is My Current State I. What are my qualities that may impact my way to deal with administration? Persistence Dedicated Humankind I dont surrender I know my privilege and will battle for dig and for the individuals ii. What are my shortcomings that may impact my way to deal with authority? not well oversee Brisk appointed authority not forceful now and then dont shout out considerate iii. What are the regular inputs (positive or negative) that I get from others that may impact my way to deal with authority? POSITIVE FEEDBACK: I mingle and make companions and appreciate Persistence Ready to work Kind NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: Not well oversee Not forceful Absence of abilities Absence of experience iv. What other execution markers would i be able to see that may impact my way to deal with administration? Quantitative marker Directional marker Monetary marker v. Taking everything into account I will say that I need to improve/center around my administration abilities and individual shortcomings like: Time the board Feelings control Interior Communication Uncover myself and make some noise more 2) What is my Desired State? Is to turn into a fruitful innovator in any field of work either in a business field or political, brandishing or any sort of pioneer, would lead the association to its objective. What do I need to improve/accomplish? Enhance my administration aptitudes realize development in the perspective for a specific association I might want to accomplish my ideal state by improving my administration abilities For what reason would I like to accomplish that? What does it give me? Joy Inspiration Great fulfillment Fulfillment throughout everyday life Accomplishment iii. What are my transient results? My momentary result its assistance me in managing people groups and furthermore help in work spot to convey and expand my exhibition and furthermore makes better understanding and assembles duty. iv. What are my drawn out results? My drawn out results are it assists with expanding my efficiency and improve the standard of life How Do I Get There-What is required? Through difficult work and devotion what must I improve/learn/understanding to accomplish that ideal state? improve my comprehension and socalise coordinate with individuals to know their necessities support ii) What are the potential assets to learn/understanding/improve? Papers Presents Web 4) Timeline? I) When do I need or need to accomplish the ideal state? For present moment 12 august to 24 December For long haul 1 august 2012 to 13 December 2016 ii) What is my calendar to deal with these center region? Regular day to day existence we experience various individuals and gain from their encounters and we set objectives and work on them second feb to 23th of dec go through 4-5 hours per week. Character Type Report Your Personality Preferences Outgoing individual You are social and active. You are most agreeable when with others and encountering the world direct. Association with others and direct encounters stimulate you. It isn't not normal for you to begin discussions with outsiders. You have an inclination for the external world: individuals, exercises, and things. Others furnish you with a mirror, sounding board to assist you with creating thoughts and plans. Being distant from everyone else may sap your energies. Your idea of the world is gotten from encountering it firsthand and afterward reaching determinations. Tactile/INTUITIVE You give off an impression of being an equivalent blend of both tangible and natural sorts. This may cause you some contention now and again. Then again the equalization of the two may work fine and dandy for you. There is surely nothing amiss with having a decent amount of the two kinds in the event that you are upbeat. Underneath you will discover portrayals of both types.â SENSORY You as a rule accumulate data with your faculties: what you can see, hear, taste, contact and smell in the physical world. The realities assembled from the tangible information you process are the structure squares of your model of our reality. You focus your energies on what really exists and don't consider what may exist excessively. You are normally useful and depend on your presence of mind to control you through the world. You consider things to be they are and have practically zero need to look for fundamental meanings.â INTUITIVE While you do process data through your faculties you add a turn to your handling by depending on instinct and good fortune. You search for inclinations of importance and deliberations in what you experience genuinely. You don't simply observe things similarly as they seem to be, however as what they could be. While you may depend on sound judgment on occasion, you confide in motivation undeniably more. Seeing You like to have however much data as could be expected before settling on a choice. Postponing a ultimate choice until the last second doesn't make you awkward. For sure once a choice is made, a course plotted, you may feel somewhat uncomfortable, on the grounds that you feel bound to a specific strategy. You would very much want to watch out for what comes next. You appreciate the chance to ad lib. Responsibilities are not scratched in stone to you, and are alterable. FEELING You settle on choices abstractly dependent on your qualities and what is essential to you. How individuals will be influenced by your choices is essential to you. You are probably going to settle on choices dependent on what you feel is adequate and pleasing as opposed to what is legitimate. Your realities are established in your qualities and those of the general public you live in. Remember that we are talking about how you assess information and decide, and that you depend on your sentiments to do as such not the slightest bit suggests you are excessively passionate. Your Personality Type Your character inclinations recommend you might be one of two character types, so both these sorts are recorded underneath. Outgoing individual/Sensing/Feeling/Perceiving Your mindful and liberal nature makes helping other people a delight for you. You are so brimming with vitality, inviting and enchanting that some may depict you as the life of the gathering. You are not excessively critical and acknowledge others as they may be. You steer your course through life by depending on your good judgment. You are a confident person. New encounters are nourishment for your soul.â Seeing someone you are the one that can carry light to the gloomiest circumstance. You are agreeable and extremely tolerating of others. You are brimming with vitality and need to impart undertakings to your companions and friends and family. You need consideration and endorsement. You may not require a profound enthusiastic bond, yet you do require your connections to be enjoyable. You have a veritable worry for the predicament of others. Famous People of Your Type: St Mark, Dale Evans, Gracie Allen, Bob Hope, Eva Gabor, Willard Scott, Goldie Hawn, Kyle Petty, Arsenio Hall, Mary Lou Retton, Kathy Lee Gifford, Woody Harrelson.â Occupations Suited to Your Type Include: Creature handler, mentor, architect, health specialist, airline steward, finance raiser, merchandiser, artist, nurture, entertainer, law official, competitor, pr expert, realtor, salesman, instructor, trip specialist, and veterinarian. Outgoing person/Intuitive/Feeling/Perceiving You are an innovative self assured person who never has a deficiency of new thoughts. Yo

Definition and Examples of Epimone in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Epimone in Rhetoric Epimone (articulated eh-PIM-o-nee) is aâ rhetorical term for the incessant redundancy of an expression or question; harping on a point. Likewise known asâ perseverantia, leitmotif, and refrain.In Shakespeares Use of the Arts of Language (1947), Sister Miriam Joseph watches thatâ epimone is a successful figure in influencing the assessments of a group on account of its obstinate reiteration of a thought in similar words. In his Arte of English Poesie (1589), George Puttenham called epimone the long rehash and the adoration trouble. See Examples and Observations underneath. Likewise observe: CommoratioEpizeuxisSemantic SatiationSymploce EtymologyFrom the Greek, hesitating, delay Models Every one of his cerebrums are in the scruff of his neck, Simon Dedalus says. Welts of substance behind on him. Fat folds of neck, fat, neck, fat, neck.(James Joyce, Ulysses, 1922)Mr. Dick shook his head, as completely disavowing the recommendation; and having answered a large number occasions, and with extraordinary certainty, No poor person, no hobo, no bum, sir!(Charles Dickens, David Copperfield, 1850)We overlook very soonâ theâ things we figured we would never forget. We forgetâ theâ lovesâ and theâ betrayals alike,â forgetâ whatâ we whisperedâ and whatâ we screamed,â forgetâ whoâ we were.(Joan Didion, Keeping a Notebook, 1968)Epimone in Shakespeares OthelloPut cash in thy handbag; follow thou the wars; rout thy favor withan usurped facial hair; I state, put cash in thy satchel. Itcannot be that Desdemona should long proceed herlove to the Moorput cash in thy pursenor hehis to her: it was a fierce initiation, and thoushalt see a liable sequestration: put butmoney in thy purse.(Iago in William Shakespeares Othello, Act 1, scene 3) Epimone in Shakespeares Julius CaesarWho is here so base that would be a bondman? Assuming any, talk; for him I have annoyed. Who is here so impolite that would not be a Roman? On the off chance that any talk; for him have I offended.(Brutus in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, Act 3, scene 2)Here, under leave of Brutus and the restFor Brutus is a respectable man;So are they all, all noteworthy menCome I to talk in Caesars funeral.He was my companion, steadfast and just to me;But Brutus says he was ambitious;And Brutus is a good man.He hath brought numerous hostages home to RomeWhose ransoms did the general coffers fill;Did this in Caesar appear ambitious?When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:Ambition ought to be made of sterner stuff:Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;And Brutus is a fair man.You all saw that on the LupercalI threefold introduced him a royal crown,Which he did threefold cannot. Was this ambition?Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;And, certain, he is a good m an. . . .(Imprint Antony in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, Act 3, scene 2) Epimone as a FallacyThere is an interesting expression named epimone . . . , the reason for which is to render some word or thought absurd by its successive redundancy, and demonstrating its peculiar character as a component of contention. However, in some cases from the incessant reiteration of an idea, is reasoned one of the most unpretentious misrepresentations known to language. This deception is regularly depended on by corrupt men during the fervor of political challenges, when some thought or point is accepted without confirmation to the burden and preference of a man or party; and however it might have no only establishment for help, yet is harped upon and remarked on so every now and again, that the oblivious expect that the charge must be valid, else it would not get so much thought; they apply to the issue viable the familiar aphorism: That where there is such a great amount of smoke there must be some fire.(Daniel F. Mill operator, Rhetoric as an Art of Persuasion: From t he Standpoint of a Lawyer. Plants, 1880)Calvinos EpimoneYou are going to start perusing Italo Calvinos new novel, If on a winters night an explorer. Unwind. Concentrate. Scatter each other idea. Let your general surroundings blur. Best to close the entryway; the TV is consistently on in the following room. Tell the others immediately, No, I dont need to stare at the TV! Raise your voicethey wont hear you otherwiseIm perusing! I dont need to be upset! Perhaps they havent heard you, with such racket; talk stronger, holler; Im starting to peruse Italo Calvinos new novel! . . .Locate the most agreeable position: situated, loosened up, nestled into, lying level. Level on your back, on your side, on your stomach. In an armchair, on the couch, in the rocker, the patio seat, on the ottoman. In the lounger, in the event that you have a lounger. On your bed, obviously, or in the bed. You can even remain on your hands, head down, in the yoga position. With the book topsy turvy, naturally.Of co urse, the perfect situation for perusing is something you can never discover. In the days of yore they used to peruse standing up, at a platform. Individuals were acquainted with remaining on their feet, without moving. They rested like that when they were burnt out riding a horse riding. No one at any point thought of perusing riding a horse; but then now, sitting in the seat, the book propped against the ponies mane, or possibly attached to the ponies ear with an exceptional outfit, appears to be appealing to you.(Italo Calvino, If on a winters night a voyager, 1979/1981)

Verb Tenses in English - ESL Overview

Action word Tenses in English - ESL Overview In English punctuation, action word tenses or structures show the second when something occurs, for example, the past, present, or future. These three essential structures can be partitioned further to include detail and particularity, for example, regardless of whether the activity is continuous or to depict the request wherein occasions happened. For instance, the current basic action word tense concerns activities that happen each day, while the past straightforward action word tense alludes to something that occurs previously. On the whole, there are 13 tenses. Action word Tense Chart Here are straightforward clarifications of the tenses in English that give the most widely recognized utilization of each strained in English. There are various exemptions to the standards, different uses for specific tenses in English, etc. Each strained has models, a connect to a page that really expounds for each strained in English, just as a visual tense graph and a test to check your comprehension. Straightforward present: things that happen each day. He for the most part takes a walk each evening. Petra doesnt work in the city. Where do you live? Basic past:â something that occurred previously. Jeff purchased another vehicle a week ago. Dwindle didnt go to the gathering yesterday. When did you leave for work? Straightforward future: combined with willâ to express a future demonstration. She will go to the gathering tomorrow. They wont support you. Will you go to the gathering? Straightforward future: matched with going to demonstrate likely arrangements. Im going to visit my folks in Chicago one week from now. Alice isnt going to go to the meeting. When are you going to leave? Present great: something that started before and proceeds into the present. Tim has lived in that house for 10â years. She hasnt played golf for long. To what extent have you been hitched? Past great: what occurred before something different previously. Jack had just eaten when he showed up. I hadnt completed the report when my manager requested it. Had you gone through the entirety of your cash? Future great: what will have occurred to a certain degree later on. Brian will have completed the report by five oclock. Susan wont have driven far before the finish of the night. How long will you have concentrated when you get your degree? Present continuous:â what is going on right now. Im working at the PC right now. He isnt resting now. It is safe to say that you are working? Past persistent: what was going on at a particular second previously. I was playing tennis at 7 p.m. She wasnt sitting in front of the TV when he called. What were you doing around then? Future nonstop: what will occur at a particular second later. I will lie on the sea shore this time one week from now. She wont have a ton of fun this time tomorrow. Will you be working this time tomorrow? Present impeccable consistent: what has been going on up to the current second in time. Ive been laboring for three hours. She hasnt been working in the nursery for long. To what extent have you been cooking? Past flawless consistent: what had been occurring up to a particular second previously. They had been laboring for three hours when he showed up. We hadnt been playing golf for long. Had you been trying sincerely when he requested it? Future flawless persistent: what will occur up to a particular second later. They will have been laboring for eight hours before the day's over. She wont have been reading for long when she steps through the exam. To what extent will you have been playing that game when you finish? More Resources On the off chance that you need to proceed with your examinations, thisâ tense tableâ will assist you with getting familiar with action word tenses. Instructors can discover exercises and exercise designs in this manual for educating tenses.

The representation of the history of American slavery in the themes of literary works of the African American literary tradition essayEssay Writing Service

The portrayal of the historical backdrop of American subjugation in the topics of artistic works of the African American abstract custom essayEssay Writing Service The portrayal of the historical backdrop of American subjugation in the topics of artistic works of the African American abstract custom article The portrayal of the historical backdrop of American subjugation in the topics of artistic works of the African American abstract custom essayIt is certainly not a mystery that writing mirrors the historical backdrop of national culture, setting accentuation on the different parts of the advancement of human culture. The investigation of the African American abstract custom has risen and created from the slave account kind. The most critical binding together topics, tropes, and themes shared by abstract works help to recount to an anecdote about the historical backdrop of American servitude and the longstanding battle against its inheritances of bigotry and treachery. The two abstract messages that will be talked about in this paper are Frederick Douglass’s Narrative (1845) and James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912). Both abstract works add to the general comprehension of the key reasons of the battle against the heritages of bigotry and foul p lay in American culture of the 19-th century through the subjects that mirror the historical backdrop of American slavery.In Frederick Douglass’s Narrative (1845), there are numerous noteworthy topics that mirror the author’s disposition toward the chronicled occasions focused on the battle against the inheritances of prejudice and bad form. As indicated by abstract pundits, â€Å"Frederick Douglass dedicated his life and compositions to the reason for dark liberation, emancipation, and equivalent rights†(Chander 101). Through his Narrative, the creator put forth attempts planned for battling against prejudice, savagery, mistreatment, misuse and bondage. The complete name of the scholarly work is Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845). As a matter of fact, this work is viewed as â€Å"an American criminal slave classic† abstract work that recounts to an account of a slave from the author’s own perspective. The signifi cant topics talked about by Frederick Douglass in his Narrative are the topic of detestations of subjugation and the topic of the effect of bondage on both the slave and the slaveholder. As indicated by Douglass, â€Å"killing a slave or any minority individual, in Talbot County, Maryland, isn't treated as a wrongdoing either by the courts or the community†(102). The creator gives numerous models that exhibit viciousness and mistreatment of slaveholders toward their slaves. He recounts to the tale of Thomas Lanman, who executed two slaves, the narrative of Colonel Lloyds’s ruthlessness, and numerous different cases that show persecution and brutality, disparity and shamefulness introduced in various structures. The account of Sophia Auld shows the effect of subjugation of the slave owner.Besides, the creator shows how servitude may have antagonistic effect on the family, obliterating singular characters. Frederick Douglass himself never knew his dad and his mom. He com poses, â€Å"I don't recall of regularly observing my mom by the light of the day† (48). The tunes of the slaves made the creator consider social and racial disparities and look for the best possible approaches to battle against subjection. He composes, â€Å"They inhaled the petition and objection of spirits bubbling over with the bitterest anguish† (57). As a rule, the topics uncovered by Frederic Douglass in his Narrative make it a significant political archive, which informs a great deal regarding the imbalances and treacheries done to slaves, just as speaks to a notice to the American country that â€Å"there will be a general uprising of slaves if subjection isn't soon abolished† (Chander 104).In James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912), there are likewise numerous significant subjects that cause the peruser to understand the need to begin the war against subjugation. In this artistic work, the creator investigates in anecdot al structure a few parts of African American personality or feeling of self. The significant subjects incorporate the topic of dissent, the topic of shading line or race separation and the topic of African American character. As indicated by Mar Gallego and Marã ­a del Mar Gallego Durn, James Weldon Johnson â€Å"anticipates a large number of the focal subjects and themes that worry Harlem erudite people, primarily the reevaluation of the key ideas of race and personality through a correction and refreshing of self-portraying legacies† (45). The artistic work is centered around the set up African American scholarly custom, consolidating both the slave story inclination and the new abuse of the purported â€Å"tragic mulatto† pictures reflected in the author’s principle character who â€Å"becomes the passing character standard excellence† (Gallego Del Mar Gallego Durn 46).The creator depicts prejudice that makes the lives of African American individuals horrendous.  Johnson tells about his first experience of racial segregation, when he was taking the train to Atlanta University. One of the significant topics uncovered by Johnson in his artistic work is the topic of lynching that reflects brutality and abuse in American culture. As a matter of fact, the storyteller had individual encounters that could give him numerous motivations to get white, however in the celebrated shutting sections he questions of the battle for equity in America. He says, â€Å"I can't curb the idea that I have picked the lesser part [personal comfort, private happiness], that I have sold my bequest for a wreck of pottage† (Johnson 93). The subject of lynching shows not just the negative impacts and forceful character of southern racial domination, yet additionally it exhibits the significance of change of the nation’s life and personality. The creator reviews the subject of racial brutality that assists with surveying the idea of the social world. As per abstract critics,Under these conditions lynching’s prominence and steadiness, its mass intrigue comes from its capacity to determine not where life and demise start and end, however how the â€Å"realm† of the genuine could be stretched out unbounded or worry for the individuals, networks and life universes it expended afterward (Goldsby 170).In general, James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man is worried about the issue of racial passing and the significance of racial character. This abstract work can be viewed as a Modernist fiction as the principle character’s personality, the personality of an ex-shaded man, is â€Å"forced upon him through a scene of horde brutality, or lynching† (West 43).  James Weldon Johnson has added to the general comprehension of the negative impacts of racial disparity and injustice.Conclusion  â â â â â â â â â â Thus, it is important to infer that the topics uncovered by Frederick Douglass in his Narrative and by James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man recount to an anecdote about the historical backdrop of American subjection and the longstanding battle against its heritages of bigotry and unfairness in American culture. Both scholarly works are collections of memoirs and can be seen as huge memorable and political archives that fill in as viable instruments to caution the country of the enormous uprising of slaves planned for canceling subjection. The two collections of memoirs mirror the development of the primary characters from subjection to opportunity. The peruser has a chance to assess the lavishness of African American culture and the significant job of African American personality.

An Interview with Maggie Shipstead

An Interview with Maggie Shipstead Maggie Shipstead’s smart, finely wrought, and thoroughly entertaining debut novel, Seating Arrangements, centers on the well-bred Van Meter clanâ€"patriarch Winn, wife Biddy, daughters Daphne and Liviaâ€"as they plan for Daphne’s classic New England wedding against a backdrop of family rivalries, infidelity, scandal, country club politics, and late-night misbehavior. Seating Arrangements was one of my favorite books of the year and I was thrilled (and a bit starstruck!) to have the opportunity to speak with Maggie on the occasion of the paperback’s release this month. *          *          * Marisa Atkinson:  I love what youve said in the past about not writing what you know, but writing what you wonder about. What was it about a family like the Van Meters and their lifestyle that you found compelling, and that sparked what would become Seating Arrangements? Maggie Shipstead:  I grew up in Southern California, and before I went to college, I had no idea that families like the Van Meters even existed. I don’t think I knew what a WASP was, and I definitely did not understand the subtle significance of a bowtie. But at Harvard suddenly I encountered kids my age who seemed to live by a codeâ€"sartorial and otherwiseâ€"that was completely inscrutable to me but made them appear perfectly at home in this intimidating new world. So at first I think I was just intrigued and wanted to know what all these little signifiers (like whale pants) meant. Then, mostly through happenstance and also because I was on the equestrian team, I ended up with some close friends who came from upper crust New England backgrounds but had never fully drunk the Kool-Aid. We talked a lot about the way their families worked, and which traditions they loved and which they were ambivalent about. Where I grew up, I always felt a little out of place, and I think I started wondering about the feeling of belonging and where that comes from and what happens when you can’t find it. Winn Van Meter has observed a particular code as scrupulously as he knows how, but he’s still chasing this feeling of belonging, or what he imagines true belonging would feel like. He’s played by the rules, and he’s baffled by the ways the rules have failed him. That characterâ€"Winnâ€"is the reason I wrote the book. His predicament was what interested me most. MA:  Which five adjectives would you use to describe Seating Arrangements? MS:  Barbed, wistful, insular, old-school, crepuscular. MA:  I read another interview where you said that the scene in which Winn gets hit by a golf cart while riding his bike was loosely based on a friend’s similar experience. Are any of the other characters or their experiences inspired by people or events from your own life? MS:  Only in little bits and pieces. None of what happens, plot-wise, comes from anything real, but inevitably you appropriate physical descriptions and personality traits from people you’ve encountered. I have three friends whose mothers all thought they were Biddy, but all that says is that I have three friends with WASPy mothers who have amazing skin. Certain lines of dialogue are things I’ve actually heard people say, like when Winn asks about someone “Where did he prep?” But that’s a line that strikes some people as cartoonishâ€"often when you pull stuff directly from real life, it feels false on the page. It’s a weird phenomenon. Everything has to be adjusted. At the same time, I try to be accurate, especially with anything historical. The Vietnam draft numbers in the book are all matched with the right birthdays, that sort of thing. The exploding whale came from a newspaper article I read in high school about a scientist who was performing a necropsy on a dead whal e, and it exploded and killed him. Apparently this happens from time to time. Here is the big takeaway from this interview: if you ever come across a decomposing whale that appears to be ballooned up with gases, don’t jab it with anything sharp. MA:  Have you have a chance to meet with any book clubs that were reading Seating Arrangements? There are so many great points of discussion in the bookâ€"which themes/characters/plot lines did the groups that you met with want to dig into the most? MS:  I have, yeah! I’ve been to several book clubs. It’s always a little awkward because, out of politeness, they can’t really tear into a book the way they might ordinarily. I’ve been surprised how deeply book clubbers sometimes psychoanalyze the characters. They’ll talk through the root causes of characters’ actions in a puzzle-solving way that’s very different from how I conceived of the book’s various mechanisms. I tend to get a sort of instinctive feel for a character that then drives his or her actions, but I don’t articulate to myself, you know, “Now Winn does X because he feels Y about himself.” So sometimes a book club discussion illuminates causes and effects I’d never connected. I shouldn’t have been, but I was surprised, too, by the range of responses the characters provoke. At one club, a woman was so frustrated with Biddy because she saw Biddy as lazy. Biddy doesn’t cook dinner; she doesn’t do the dishes; she has a wedding planner. I’d ne ver thought of Biddy that way, but what this woman was saying was all factual. To readers who haven’t spent much time in New England, the characters can seem really alien, and so there’s often some conversation about this WASPy subculture and if people like this really exist. There tends to be some discussion of the likeability or lack thereof of the characters, too, which is understandable butâ€"as Claire Messud has recently said so persuasivelyâ€"beside the point. MA:  Of all the characters in Seating Arrangements, who could you see yourself being friends with in real life? MS:  Dominique is probably the obvious choice for a friend, somewhat intentionally. She’s made an interesting life for herself outside the stifling Van Meter world. None of the characters are like me, really, but I experienced the WASP world from a vantage point similar to hers: close but still outside. And she’s no-nonsense but still compassionate, which are qualities I value in my friends. I would probably be “friends” with Sterling, too, but only because I have a soft spot for troubled, douchey men. MA:  How would you cast a Seating Arrangements movie? (I feel like there has to be a role for Bradley Cooper somewhere, for one!) MS:  This is such a hard one! The book has been optioned for film, but it’s an impossibly long way from an option to an actual movie, so who knows what’ll happen. I can’t get attached to the idea. But as long as we’re playing this game . . . I kind of see Kristen Stewart as Liviaâ€"she projects such an interesting discomfort. Romola Garai as Daphne? Pretty much anyone who’s on Mad Men could be Sterling. I’ve never been able to come up with the perfect Winn. I seriously just Googled “actors in their 50s” to get ideas. Gary Oldman? I don’t know. Maybe Bradley Cooper could just play all the characters, Eddie Murphy-style. MA:  I follow you on Twitter and Instagram, so I know youve been traveling all over the world, most recently to Ireland. Can you talk a bit about what youve been up to there? MS:  I went to Ireland to spend time at an artists’ retreat in County Kerry called Cill Rialaig. I applied two years ago and was given this slot, and it ended up being slightly odd timing with my workâ€"I had just sent back a big revision of my second novel to my editor right before I left, so I felt a little at loose ends. At first I just read a lotâ€"mostly random paperback mysteries left behind by past residentsâ€"but I was there for three weeks and eventually, out of boredom, drafted two partial stories. Boredom is a big motivator for me; I put myself in situations where I’ll run out of other options for entertainment and will be forced to write something out of desperation. After I left Cill Rialaig, I went to Dublin and then on to Belfast, which I thought was a fascinating place. It’s a pleasant, modern cityâ€"by all accounts, it’s been rejuvenated to an incredible degree since the Troubles ended (for the most part) fifteen years ago. But there’s still an edge there. I walked around the divided neighborhoods to see the peace line and the sectarian murals put up by various paramilitaries, which were striking and interesting and sometimes scary. Conflict tourism is an controversial thing, especially for such a recent conflict, but I was glad I got to see the murals. I think they’ll eventually be covered up. At the moment, I’m in Inverness, making my way to Edinburgh, then London, and then the Hay Festival in Wales. MA:  What are you “wondering about” at the moment, and how is that influencing what you’re working on now? MS:  As you mentioned, I’ve been traveling a lot by myself over the past two years. My parents are generous enough to dogsit for me for months at a time, so I’ve spent, um, a month in Bali, three months in Paris, a month in Edinburgh, a month in New Zealand, a month in Aspen, this month in Ireland. It’s a ridiculous litany, I know. But I’m not an outgoing travelerâ€"like I don’t belly up to the bar wherever I go and make friendsâ€"so most of that time is very solitary. I’m interested in the sensation of being in transit and also how, by traveling, we try to make sense out of the fact that we live on a planet. Like how the earth is an actual physical object flying through space and not some sort of magical dimension specially designed for us to putter around in. I just wrote an essay for Lapham’s Quarterly about solo circumnavigation by sailboat, which sounds incredibly terrifying but also strikes me as an undertaking that shows the great lengths people will go to in see king to witness and understand the dimensions of the world. Of course, physical exploration tends to really be about testing the capabilities and confines of the self. Anyway, my third novel, which is barely an embryo, seems like it’s going to come from that stuff. MA:  You’re also an accomplished short story writer. Do you find that your writing process is different for a short story vs. a novel? Do you set out knowing the piece you’re working on is one or the other, or does it develop organically as you’re writing? MS:  I’m working on a couple stories now, but before that I took a long, semi-accidental hiatus from writing themâ€"about two years. When I was in workshopâ€"in college, at Iowa, and at Stanfordâ€"stories seemed like the best way for me to take advantage of the feedback and deadlines. Every time I turned one in, I had to be responsible for a beginning, middle, and end, and stories were a useful way to experiment with different voices and structures without making a huge commitment. My two novels both started as short stories, but neither worked. They felt sort of pointless or something. I find stories very difficult to write; that form doesn’t come naturally to me at all. I wouldn’t have written nearly as many as I have (i.e., a not-staggering fifteen or so) except I was in workshops for so long. I want to keep writing themâ€"I think they help me learn and improveâ€"but I find the novel to be a much more forgiving form, like living in a big house with a yard versus on a boat, w here everything has to be in the right place. The downside to novels, obviously, is that they take forever to write, and then you have to read them over and over again, and revisions sometimes feel insurmountably complicated, and the whole process can be really punishing. I mean, writing is generally just really hard. MA:  I’m thrilled to hear that you have a new novel on the way, titled Astonish Me. Can you tell me a bit more about it? I understand it’s about a ballet dancer and spans from the 1970s to the present day. Very different from Seating Arrangements! MS:  It is very different from Seating Arrangements. Astonish Me is about a dancer, Joan, in the corps of a ballet in New York (sort of a composite of New York City Ballet and American Ballet Theatre) who helps a Soviet star defect in 1975. They have an affair. It ends, partly because of their very different levels of talent, and she stops dancing and has a son with a man who’s been in love with her since high school. They move to Southern California, and their son ends up having a serious gift for dance. So Joan gets tangentially sucked back into the dance world and has to confront her ambivalence about her past and about what she wanted from ballet versus what she ultimately took from it. The tone is what’s the most different from Seating Arrangements, I think. It’s earnest and intense and a little melodramaticâ€"it’s meant to have a similar feeling to a ballet. MA:  Finally, I’m sure the readers of Book Riot will be curious to know: what are you reading at the moment? MS:  I always have a few things going. I’ve been working my way through the shockingly brilliant, sometimes savage Patrick Melrose novels by Edward St. Aubyn and am on the fourth one, Mother’s Milk. I’m also reading a couple nonfiction books about very specific corners of World War IIâ€"Frozen in Time by Mitchell Zuckoff and The Monuments Men by Robert Edsel. *          *          * Seating Arrangements  is now available in paperback at your favorite bookstore, and Maggie herself may be coming to your hometown soon! Be sure to keep up with Maggie on her blog, like her on  Facebook, follow her on  Twitter, and check out her photos from around the world on Instagram. ____________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter, like us on Facebook, , and subscribe to the Book Riot podcast in iTunes or via RSS. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Like your careerâ€More than where you live

There’s a mantra I have been saying to business students for years, and it bears repeating from time to time. Here goes: when you are looking to create a new career change there are three categories to consider, job function, industry, and location. You can choose two to change, but three is often a very big stretch. Don’t just take my word for it—employers tell us the exact same thing. When they manage their talent pipeline they use a golden rule called â€Å"the triple/two†. They develop emerging leaders through a global rotation program that moves them across two—but not three—of the following: product line, geography, and role. This makes a lot of sense if you think about it. While you may be open to the industry that is right for you, you may be less so when it comes to the job function you would like to pursue. A business graduate with a passion for digital marketing is less likely to be happy—and successful—in a finance role, for example. But there is one area where the windows of opportunity tend to be in greater abundance if you are willing to be flexible and open-minded, and that is location. As I’ve written before, students who are open to where they land after graduation will secure jobs more quickly than those who aren’t. The sooner you kick-start your career after graduation, the faster you build professional momentum. As you gain experience, learn new skills, and hone your expertise, the more eligible you become for greater responsibility and advancement. And, as you grow in your career, and are recognized as an esteemed team member and potential leader, the windows of opportunities around you become a lot wider, and even more plentiful. This is when you begin to develop some say about where you work. Your career is not a sprint. It’s a marathon times ten. Each day you bring your â€Å"A† game to your job is another day you get closer to achieving the short-term objectives that will eventually lead to your overall career goals. And trust me, you wouldn’t want it any other way. Each time you give a presentation, handle a difficult client, work through a complex problem, have a tough conversation with your manager—those are all trials by fire that make you stronger, wiser, confident. As you internalize the valuable feedback you get along the way, you also grow more self-aware. When I’m asked where the high growth job and industries are today, it’s clear the US has become the stalwart economy. Particularly when compared to sluggish growth in Europe, the economic collapse in energy-based economies like Russia and Venezuela, and the slowing of the growth juggernaut in China, the US is looking relatively strong. Masters students with the ability to work in the US should look to Tech, Consulting and the tail end of the Energy boom for growth opportunities. For faster growth careers, I’m bullish on target cities that favor all three. Notable high growth hot spots are Fort Worth, Texas and Omaha, Nebraska (Energy); Seattle, Washington (Tech and Boeing’s resurgence); and Silicon Valley tech meccas in California, most notably San Jose and Fremont (Tech). For those who want career growth, go to where the jobs are. The rest has a way of working out; I’ve seen this happen countless times with Hult graduates. Nothing lasts forever, no t even a hot job market. Today’s business graduates will change jobs an estimated 20 times during their careers, which is why there’s a good chance that where you end up after graduation is not where you will be forever. Here’s one more statistic: employees spend approximately 70% of their time at work. That’s not a small amount, and this is why it matters more that you like what you are doing when you launch your career, rather than where you live. Related Content: See  Katharine Boshkoff’s LinkedIn profile Job Interviews, Feedback, and the Power of Practice  by Katharine Boshkoff The Two Most Important Words in Your Career  by Katharine Boshkoff Read more about our  Career Development and graduate career statistics Hult offers a range of highly skills-focused and employability-driven business school programs including a range of MBA options and a comprehensive one year Masters in International Business. To find out more, take a look at our blog Why would anyone go back to school? Hint: Your career will thank you. Download a brochure or get in touch today to find out how Hult can help you to learn about the business world, the future, and yourself. Related posts News Building success: Dual Degree students win at USASBE Community How going beyond business at Hult helped me launch my company Admissions Accepted Students Weekend: A weekend to remember Careers Career mapping: How to become an executive in the next 5 years 0 Thought leadership How to prepare for an uncertain future in a world of AI News Is mail a dying form for businesses and marketing? Instagram Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

Todays financial environment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2490 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Todays financial environment is highly risk prone. The volatility of economic variables such as interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices etc has increased because of the increased internationalization of businesses. In order to have a stable business a firm must identify and manage its risk carefully. Risk is defined as the doubtfulness of returns. Any firm faces two types of risks. Business risk Financial risk A business risk includes the risk of competition, risk of a new technology hampering the business of a firm and risk of failure of a strategic decision made by the management. It is the responsibility of the manager of the organisation to identify and prevent these risks from affecting the organisation. A financial risk includes the risk of non payment of loan given to a debtor or the risk that a purchased asset or security is not liquid. A financial institution takes the responsibility of the financial risk and lets a firm concentrate on the business risk. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Todays financial environment" essay for you Create order MANAGING RISK There are many financial instruments available in the market by which a firm can manage the financial risks. It depends on the firms management capabilities to choose the right combination of these instruments to protect itself from such risks. The most commonly tool by firms is the derivatives. There are basically 3 types of players in the market today that use derivatives. Hedgers: They want to reduce their financial risk and can tolerate some costs to prevent loss in case of unfavourable changes in the market situation. Speculators: They forecast the future movement of the markets and want to make profits using derivatives. Arbitrageurs: their aim is to make risk less profit by trading in two or more markets (or contracts) at the same time. Thus, derivatives help in transferring risk from hedgers to speculators or arbitrageurs. CURRENCY MARKETS The currency market is called foreign exchange market. The traders in currency markets are Exporters, importers, banks etc. Foreign exchange rate is defined as the value of the foreign currency with respect to the value of the domestic country. A trade in currency market is done in currency pairs like US Dollar-INR contract. The first currency in a currency pair is called a base currency and the second currency is called the terms currency. An exchange rate can be interpreted as the amount of terms currency that a buyer must pay to obtain one unit of base currency. Thus, a USD-INR rate of Rs. 50.083 means that Rs. 50.083 must be paid to get 1 USD. Changes in Foreign exchange prices are very fast. Any price fluctuation is expressed as appreciation or depreciation of one currency relative to the other i.e. a change of USD-INR rate from Rs. 50 to Rs. 50.083 means that USD has appreciated and the INR has depreciated because now, a buyer of USD will have to pay more INR to b uy 1 USD than before. FACTORS THAT AFFECT EXCHANGE RATES There are many factors that affect exchange rates. Economic policies: The economic policies followed by the government affect the exchange rate. For example, if a country has balance of payment surplus then it will have favourable exchange rate. Rates: Interest rates: if the interest rate of a country rises then investors from other countries would want to invest in that country. So the demand for domestic currency and hence its value will increase. Inflation rate: High inflation rate reduces export and thus the demand of the domestic currency also reduces. Hence, the currency depreciates. Exchange rate policy and Central Bank interventions: The most important factor affecting the exchange rates is the Exchange rate policy of the country. Sometimes Central bank also intervenes to control the demand or supply of domestic currency. Political stability: Stability of government of a country also affects the exchange rate. Speculation: Speculation also affects exchange rate movements. If the currency of a country is speculated as overvalued, people will take out their money from that country resulting in reduced demand for that currency and depreciating its value. ANALYSIS OF INR The value of any currency does not remain stable for a long period of time.There is a number of factors that affect its strengthening/weakening. The factors that have a direct influence on value of a currency are: Stock market of India There is a positive correlation between Indian rupee and stock market index because as the stock market index rises, more investors would like to purchase stocks and thus demand for Indian rupee will increase resulting in appreciation in its value. In the Graph1(appendix), an upward moment of Sensex has resulted in an upward moment in the price of the Rupee (INR) and made it much stronger in the comparison of US Dollar. Global currency trends INR is related to currencies of many other countries especially USD and EURO. The relation between dollar and rupee in Graph 3 is that when the dollar get stronger the rupee is gets weak and when the rupee get stronger the dollar falls.Thus, dollar and rupee are inversely proportionate to each another. In Graph 4,we can see that when euro is at strong position,INR is showing recovery sign against its base currency (dollar). crude oil India is a big importer of crude oil and the value of INR gets highly affected by the increase in the prices of the crude oil.Graph 2 shows prices of crude and rupee from 26th June, 2008 to 26th June 29, 2009. CURRENCY DERIVATIVE PRODUCTS A currency derivative is a contract between the sellers and buyers whose values are calculated from the underlying-the Exchange Rate. The main purpose of Currency derivatives is hedging, although they can also be used for speculation. There are many types of derivative contracts. The 4 main are forward, future, option and swap. FORWARD: A future contract fixes the exchange rate between the two parties. This rate is carried forward to a fixed future date. Thus, both the parties can avoid exposure to risk in case of fluctuations in market. At the time of contract the exchange rate is decided, called as forward exchange rate or forward rate. FUTURE: Future contracts are similar in functionality to forward contract. The differences between future and forward contract are given in the table below. SWAP: Swap is an instrument in which the 2 involved parties agree to privately exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearranged formula. The currency swap means swapping both principal and interest between the parties. The cash flows in both directions are in different currencies. In a swap normally three basic steps are involved: Initial exchange of principal amount Ongoing exchange of interest Re exchange of principal amount on maturity. OPTIONS: Currency option gives the holder a right to buy or sell a given amount of foreign exchange at a fixed price for certain duration. The holder does not have to compulsory buy (call) or sell (put), rather he has an option to do so. A trader in currency market has three choices through the spot market or derivatives market. He may exchange the currency at current by entering into a spot transaction. If he wants to exchange the currency at a future date, he may: Enter into a futures/forward contract, where he agrees to exchange the currency in the future at a price decided now. Buy a currency option contract, wherein he commits for a future exchange of currency, with an agreement that the contract will be valid only if the price is favourable to the participant. PRICING OF FUTURES CONTRACTS Interest rate parity theory states that the currency margin is dependent on the prevailing interest rate for investment in the two currencies. The forward rate can be calculated by the following formula: Rh and Rf are simple interest rate in the home and foreign currency respectively. If we consider continuously compounded interest rate then forward rate can be calculated by using the following formula: STRATEGIES IN CURRENCY MARKET CURRENCY FUTURES FOR HEDGING There are 2 ways in which hedging which can be done by a firm in currency market: Short-Hedge Short position means that a party agrees to sell the base currency and receive the terms currency at the pre-specified exchange rate in future. A short hedge involves taking a short position in the futures market. This is done by a party that already owns the base currency or is expecting a future receipt of the base currency. long-Hedge Long position means that a party agrees to buy the base currency and pay the terms currency at the pre-specified exchange rate in future. A long hedge involves taking a long position in the futures market. This is done by a party that needs base currency in future to make some payment. CURRENCY FUTURES FOR SPECULATION Speculators can also use future contracts if they anticipate that the spot price in the future will be different from the prevailing futures price. If a speculator anticipates an appreciation in base currency, he will hold a long position in the currency contracts to make profit when the exchange rates move up as per his expectation. If he anticipates a depreciation of the base currency, he will hold a short position in the futures contract so that he can make a profit when the exchange rate moves down. CURRENCY FUTURES FOR ARBITRAGE Arbitrage is the strategy in which the trader takes advantage of price differential of the same or similar product between two or more markets. The profit is the difference between the market prices of the products. An arbitrageur has access to both the markets and will identify price differences in the two markets for a product. If in one of the markets the product is cheaper, he will buy the product from that market and sell in the costlier market and thus make risk-less profit. In currency market an arbitrageur can enter into both a forwards and futures contract if he identifies any mispricing between them. If one of them is priced higher, the same shall be sold while simultaneously buying the other which is priced lower. On January 1, 2008, an Indian company enters into a contract to import 1,000 barrels of petroleum with payment to be made in USD on July 1, 2008. The price of each barrel of petroleum has been fixed at USD 100/barrel .The prevailing exchange rate of 1U SD = INR 39.41 .So, the cost of one barrel of petroleum in INR works out to be Rs. 3941.The USD is expected to appreciate and the company decides to do nothing about it. If on July 1, 2008 the exchange rate becomes 1USD=INR 43.23 then the company will have to pay Rs.4323 for one barrel of petroleum. Hedged: Consider that the company had purchased a USD/INR futures contract when the USD was expected to appreciate. This would have protected the company because strengthening of USD would lead to profit in the long futures position, which would counter the loss in the physical market. TESTING HEDGE EFFECTIVENESS A hedge is said to be effective if the derivative contract matches with the risk being hedged i.e. all critical terms of the derivative correspond to the critical terms of the risk. It is very important to select the right hedge effectiveness methodology. If a wrong selection is made it could mislead the firm. Many accounting standards (IAS39, FAS133) exist for hedge accounting but they only specify general guidelines and are very flexible. There are 3 main methods to measure hedge effectiveness: Critical Term Match Method Dollar-Offset Method Regression Analysis Companies should assess both the past and future hedge effectiveness. This would make sure that loses/gains of a derivative will contribute to earnings at the same time as the loses/gains associated with the hedged item. The Critical Term Match Method According to Critical Term Match Method a hedge is considered perfect if critical parameters in of hedged item and derivative contract match. For example, an interest rate swap is considered a perfect hedge if the parameters like Notional amounts, Terms, Payment and fixing dates, Amortisation schedules, Reference rates, Day conventions in both loan (hedged instrument) and swap (hedge) are identical. The limitation is that these terms do not often match. Thus, other methods must be applied. Dollar-Offset Method It is the easiest way to assess hedge effectiveness .In this method, the change in the value of the derivative is compared to the change in the value of the hedged item. If the ratio takes a value within a range of 80-120 percent the derivative is said to be highly effective. The disadvantage of this method is that it is often difficult to achieve high effectiveness consistently, from period to period. Regression analysis Regression analysis is a statistical technique that shows relationship between two or more variables. A derivative is said to be highly effective if the price (or interest rate or currency exchange rate) associated with the hedged item has a close relationship to the price associated with the hedging derivative. Simple regression explains the relationship between two variables and the correlation coefficient which quantifies the closeness of the relationship. Correlation coefficients may range in value from -1.0 to +1.0. A clear definition of hedging objectives is given i.e. defining the underlying hedged item and then the risk to be hedged. The definition of risk must include: Performance metric: like cash flow Risk class: like interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, etc Amount of the underlying being hedged Desired risk characteristics: Step 2 In this step the hedging instrument and the hedge ratio are defined. The hedge ratio determines how many units of the hedging instrument are used to hedge one unit of the underlying. Ideally, one should select the optimal hedge ratio, corresponding to the maximal reduction in risk. Step 3 The objective is to select the method for evaluating hedge effectiveness. The choice of method comprises 7 dimensions: Reference exposure: Should the hedging instrument be compared to the underlying hedged item or to the Ideal hedge item. Fair value approach: how should changes in fair value be evaluated? Historical data to be used Method of applying historical data Maturity treatment Basis for comparison Type of effectiveness test Step 4 This is the implementation step in which actual evaluation of the effectiveness test is done to perform. Step 5 This is the interpretation step. The effectiveness results are interpreted in the context of the hedging objectives. CONCLUSION In the currency market a trade between two parties in currency pair is done. There can be many reasons for an investor to trade. He might invest to avoid exposure to risk (hedge), to make profits based on his prediction (speculation) or to make risk-less profits (arbitrage).The four instruments available for hedging are forwards, future, option and swap. It is very important for a firm to test the effectiveness of the hedging instrument in order to make the right choice. The 3 main methods to measure hedge effectiveness are Critical Term Match Method, Dollar-Offset Method and Regression Analysis. REFERENCES NCFM Currency derivatives. HEATâ„ ¢: A framework for evaluating hedge effectiveness.